Book of Abstracts

Analysis of Overvoltage Protection of a Typical Distribution Power Substation: A Case Study of Ile-Oluji Distribution Substations

Adewole Adetunmbi — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji, Ondo State

Dare-adeniran Olamiposi Ibukun — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji Ondo State

Opeke Ebenezer Olanrewaju — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji

Oyelade Abdrasheed Omolara — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji

This paper presents a comprehensive performance evaluation of insulation and earthing systems in distribution substations, with a focus on improving overvoltage protection and ensuring system reliability. The study was conducted on the Ile-Oluji distribution substations, where insulation resistance, earthing resistance, and surge protection performance were systematically assessed under varying operating and fault conditions. Standard testing methods, including insulation resistance (IR) measurements and earth resistance tests, were employed in accordance with IEEE and IEC guidelines. The results revealed that adequate insulation integrity and low earthing resistance significantly reduce the magnitude of transient overvoltages, ensuring enhanced protection of transformers and other substation equipment. Furthermore, the study identified areas of deterioration in insulation and high earth resistivity, which contribute to increased vulnerability to lightning and switching surges. The findings underscore the importance of regular maintenance, proper grounding design, and the use of coordinated surge protection devices to achieve optimal system performance. Ultimately, this research provides a practical framework for improving insulation coordination and earthing efficiency, thereby enhancing power system reliability and safety in distribution networks.

Keywords Distribution Substation Insulation Resistance Earthing Resistance Overvoltage Protection Power System Reliability

Design and Construction of IoT Control Power Monitoring System

Olamiposi Dare-adeniran — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji

Adetunmbi Adewole Oyewale — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji

The increasing demand for energy efficiency, remote monitoring, and intelligent control in modern power systems has driven the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. This study presents the design and construction of an IoT-based control power monitoring system aimed at providing real-time tracking, analysis, and management of electrical energy usage. The system integrates microcontroller-based hardware, voltage and current sensors, and Wi-Fi communication modules to collect and transmit electrical parameters such as voltage, current, power and energy consumption to a cloud-based dashboard accessible via web and mobile platforms. Key features include automated alert systems for abnormal power conditions, remote switching capabilities for load control, and data logging for historical analysis. The developed prototype was tested in a laboratory setting and demonstrated accurate monitoring and reliable remote control functionalities. This implementation not only enhances energy transparency but also supports smarter decision-making for energy conservation in residential and industrial environments. The results affirm the system’s potential for scalable deployment in smart grid and home automation applications.

Keywords Energy Efficiency Microcontroller-Based Hardware Voltage Current Sensors Wi-Fi Communication Modules

Luminescent Detection of Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) using a Copper Coordination Complex constructed from 8-hydroxyquinoline

Victoria Olayemi — Kwara State University

Basheer A. Jaji — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun, Nigeria.

John O. Abedoh — Kwara State University

Ayomide C. David — Kwara State University

The development of rapid, sensitive, and selective detection methods for nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) is of great importance for environmental monitoring and public safety. In this study, coordination complex, are investigated as effective sensors for NAC detection. Owing to their highly tunable structures, large surface areas, and functional ligand environments, coordination compounds offer unique advantages for sensing applications. The coordination compound, [Cu(HQN)2(H2O)2].H2O (where HQN = 8-hydroxyquinoline) was prepared by stirring at room temperature. The compound was further characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction technique, Thermogravimetric analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The IR results show characteristic ν(C=N) and ν(C-N) stretching vibrations at 1574 cm-1 and 1104 cm-1 respectively. A sharp peak was also observed at 502 cm-1 ascribed to ν(Cu-O). The complex is thermally stable with final decomposition temperature at 526 ℃. A distinct emission band was also observed at 491 nm which is attributed to ligand to metal charge transfer. The emission intensity of the compound was quenched upon exposure to nitroaromatic compounds which was more pronounced in the spectrum of 4-nitroaniline. Stern Volmer constant (Ksv) of 1.66 x 104 M-1, 7.48 x 103 M-1 and 4.9 x 104 M-1 was obtained for 4NA, 4NP and NB respectively and low limits of detection was observed for all the nitroanalytes. The study shows that transition metal-organic complexes have potential application in chemical sensing.

Keywords Luminescence Ligand Coordination polymers Nitroaromatic Compounds Emission

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (rGO)/MANGANESE OXIDE(MnO2) NANOCOMPOSITES AS ELECTRODES FOR SUPERCAPACITOR APPLICATION

Okike Okorie — National Mathematical Centre, Abuja

Abdul Dahiru A. Buba — University Of Abuja

Dr Umar Medina — University Of Abuja

The demand for energy has led to the exploitation of the environment which in turn resulted to some environmental issues that is detrimental to humans. However, alternative energy sources have to be exploited leading to energy storage systems. In this research we leverage on the synergy between the improved capacitive property of manganese oxide (MnO2) and the conductive property of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites through simple chemical synthesis protocol for supercapacitor application. The prepared nanoparticles and nanocomposites were characterized for structural and morphological analysis using FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffractometer, SEM with EDX spectroscopy. FTIR studies disclose the characteristic chemical bonding between the respective materials. The SEM images demonstrate that the surface structure of rGO and MnO2 can be easily tuned by forming the composite of rGO/MnO2 materials leading to excellent process ability of the system, BET Characterization was used to determine the specific surface area and the porosity of the composite. The electrochemical behaviours of the nanocomposites were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge techniques and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The result show that rGO/MnO2 composite exhibited a maximum specific capacitance, energy, and power density of 289 F g–1, 25.9 Wh kg–1, and 8007.5 W kg–1, respectively, and a high retention (89.5%) of capacitance after 5000 cycles. This result is an indication of good synergy between the composites.

Keywords : reduced graphene oxide Manganese Oxide Supercapacitors nanocomposite structural characterization electrochemical properties.

ASSESSMENT OF BIOPOLYMERIC HYDROGELS FOR SUSTAINED CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF MEROPENEM

Ogechukwu Onwuazor — Sheda Science And Technology Complex, Fct

Obiekezie, Smart O — Nasarawa State University Keffi

Makut Makwin D. — Nasarawa State University Keffi

Onodugo Chinweoma D — Sheda Science And Technology Complex Fct

Isah Jamiu M. — Sheda Science And Technology Complex Fct

Dozie-nwachukwu Stella O. — Sheda Science And Technology Complex Fct

The development of advanced wound dressings that combine controlled drug release, antibacterial efficacy, and wound healing ability is critical in modern biomedical research. This study is aimed at evaluating the properties, release kinetics, and antibacterial activities of biopolymeric hydrogels loaded with meropenem (a broad spectrum carpabenem antibiotic commonly used in chronic wound management). Hydrogels were formulated using natural polymers (gellan gum, alginate and chitosan) by ionic cross linking method and in situ drug loading. Physicochemical and mechanical characterization using SEM, FTIR, and Nanoindenter were performed to confirm their structural integrity and drug entrapment efficiency. In vitro release studies were performed to determine the drug release profile and were fitted to kinetic models. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains. The result confirms successful incorporation of meropenem in biopolymeric hydrogels. It revealed that gellan gum and alginate hydrogels are mechanically stable in physiological medium with water retention ability ranging between 600 and 1200%, and were capable of maintaining controlled and sustained release pattern governed predominantly by diffusion mechanism for more than 24 h. On the other hand, chitosan hydrogels lasted approximately 6 hrs due to degradation as a result of their poor mechanical properties. Antibacterial activity confirmed that meropenem-loaded hydrogels exhibit significant inhibitory effects compared to unloaded hydrogels and non-hydrogel control. In general, the findings suggest that gellan gum and alginate hydrogels provides a better platform for localized, sustained antibiotic delivery, with potentials in management of clinical wounds.

Keywords Wound healing hydrogels biopolymers meropenem controlled release

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Part Extracts from Jaundea pinnata

Ahmad Abdullahi Alhaji — Kwara State Polytechnics

Issa Shuaib Bolaji — University Of Ilorin

Jaundea pinnata is an underexploited medicinal plant, known for its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to the substantial untapped potential in the areas of extraction and bioassays, which will establish the ethnomedicinal efficacy of this plant, this research is focused on assessing the chemical compositions, as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts from its aerial parts. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the three plant extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, terpenoids, volatile oils, and alkaloids. The bioactivity of the three extracts was tested against six bacterial strains and four fungal strains. The findings indicated noteworthy inhibition of all the test organisms at moderate to high concentrations. The outcomes of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging experiment demonstrated that, among the extracts, the ethyl acetate extract exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, followed by the methanol extract, while the chloroform extract displayed the lowest level of activity. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) of the chloroform extract revealed seventeen (17) chemical compounds, with formamide being the predominant constituent (87.45%). The ethyl acetate extract from the plant contained a total of 29 compounds, with oleic acid (23.05%) being the most abundant. In the methanol extract, 24 compounds were detected, with 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester being the most prevalent (35.35%). The results obtained from this study highlight the significant antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of the extracts of J. pinnata, thus suggesting its potential application in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms or associated with oxidative stress or injury.

Keywords Jaundea pinnata antibacterial activity antifungal activity antioxidant activity DPPH radical scavenging

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROASTING AND OVEN-DRYING ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF DATE-SEED

Peace Oleghe — Auchi Polytechnic Auchi

Emmanuel John Oboh — You-nik International Technoprenureship

Ehis-eriakha Chioma Bertha — Admiral University Of Nigeria, Delta

Christana Isitua — Admiral University Of Nigeria, Delta

The comparative effects of oven-drying and roasting on the physicochemical, functional, and nutritional compositions of date seeds for non-caffeinated beverage production were evaluated using Nescafé Classic® as control. Date seeds (180 g each) were oven-dried (80 °C, 1 h) or roasted (180 °C, 45 min), milled, and analyzed for proximate, mineral, anti-nutrient, antioxidant, caffeine, and aflatoxin content using standard analytical procedures. Proximate analysis showed oven-dried samples retained higher fiber (41.76%) and carbohydrate (39.01%) with lower moisture (2.57%), while roasted samples contained slightly more protein (5.8%). Mineral analysis showed potassium (33.10 ppm) and calcium (17.95 ppm) were highest in oven-dried seeds, whereas roasting preserved higher iron (2.24 ppm) and zinc (2.66 ppm) in seeds. Both processing methods reduced anti-nutritional factors, with phytates (5.38–7.83 mg/g), oxalates (1.06–1.26 mg/g), and alkaloids (2.03–3.25%), markedly lower than the control. Antioxidant assays indicated that oven-dried samples exhibited superior phenolic content (1.30 mg/g), flavonoids (7.22%), and reducing power (FRAP 282.10 µMol/g; ABTS 0.0037 µMol/g) compared to roasted samples. Caffeine content was negligible (<0.20%) in date-seed variants versus 1.67% in the control, confirming their decaffeinated potential. Total aflatoxin levels were low (<1.0 µg/kg), complying with EU and Codex standards. Overall, oven-dried date-seed coffee demonstrated superior fiber, antioxidant activity, and shelf stability, while roasted seeds enhanced iron and zinc retention. These findings establish date seeds as a safe, economically-sustainable, and nutritionally valuable caffeine-free alternative to conventional coffee, with promising applications in functional foods and agro-waste valorization.

Keywords Date-seeds Oven-drying Roasting Caffeine-free beverage Comparative evaluation

COMPARATIVE PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF NON-CARBONISED AND CARBONISED AFRICAN GIANT SNAIL SHELL

Celestine Ewansiha — Chemistry Department, Edo State College Of Education, P.m.b 003, Igueben Campus, Nigeria

Emmanuel Jatto — Ambrose Alli University

A comparative study of the proximate and mineral composition of non- carbonized and carbonized African Giant Snail shell was carried out. The aim was to show its relevance in adsorption studies for water and wastewater treatment among other uses. The samples were carefully trimmed, oven dried and then pounded to powdery form. The proximate parameters were determined using standard method as described by AOAC, whereas the minerals were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).The results shows that for the Non- carbonized snail shell the Moisture content was 4.0%, Crude protein 0.28%, Crude fiber 4.78%, Crude fat 0.78%, Ash content 2.0%, Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) 88.16% and for the carbonized snail shell Moisture content was 3.0%,Crude protein 0.12 %, Crude fiber 4.66%, Crude fat 0.46 %, Ash content 8.2%, Nitrogen Free Extracts (NFE) 83.56% . While the results of the mineral composition that were determined using Buck Scientific, Model VGP 210 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in Mg/100g gave the following for the non-carbonized shell as Zn ꓿ 3.24, Mn ꓿7.2, CU ꓿ 6.78, Fe ꓿ 58.64, Ca ꓿ 1618.89, Na꓿ 0.57, K ꓿ 37.04 and the Carbonized sample, Zn ꓿2.50, Mn ꓿ 6.71, Cu ꓿ 5.33, Fe ꓿ 57.45, Ca ꓿ 1424.26, Na ꓿ 0.06 , K꓿ 32.22 respectively.

Keywords KEYWORDS: Giant snail composition analysis and carbonization

Computational Discovery and Optimization of Antioxidant Therapeutics: Modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway for Oxidative Stress Management

Bashir Bello Roba — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education Kano

Asmau Muhammad Sanusi — Federal College Of Education (tech.) Bichi, Kano State, Nigeria

Abdullahi Bello Umar — Ahmad Bello University, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

The Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is a central regulator of cellular antioxidant responses, making Keap1 a promising therapeutic target for diseases related to oxidative stress. In this study, we employed an integrated computational approach to identify potent Keap1 inhibitors from a library of 61 antioxidant compounds sourced from PubChem. Molecular docking simulations revealed three top-performing compounds (8, 33, and 58) with superior binding affinities (MolDock scores: −138.914, −169.902, and −134.798 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to ascorbic acid (−77.366 kcal/mol). Structural analyses demonstrated their stable interactions with Keap1 through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts at critical binding-site residues. ADMET profiling and drug-likeness assessments confirmed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and low toxicity, indicating potential therapeutic benefits. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations elucidated electronic properties (HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, MEP maps), correlating charge distribution with bioactivity. QSAR modeling further differentiated their physicochemical profiles, highlighting structure-activity relationships. These findings underscore the promise of compounds 8, 33, and 58 as novel Keap1 inhibitors, providing a computational framework for the development of targeted antioxidant therapies.

Keywords Antioxidants Molecular docking Oxidative stress Keap 1 Pharmacokinetics DFT Studies

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCOMPOSITE ENCAPSULATED WITH RIFAMPICIN FOR TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS.

Stella Dozie-nwachukwu — Medical Biotechnology Dept. Sheda Science And Technology Complex

Onodugo Chinweoma Dimplar — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Arisukwu Adaugo Ogechi — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Isah Jamiu Mohammed — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Onwuazor Ogechukwu Philomena — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Okoro Faith Loveth — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Biko Blessing Middan — Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Advanced Research Center, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco). P.m.b 186, Garki, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria.

Osteomyelitis is an infection and inflammatory disease of bone tissues. It causes necrosis, painful swelling, purulent drainage, fracture, and can lead to permanent bone loss. The bacteria mostly implicated in this disease is Staphylococcus aureus. In this work, we synthesized hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) through the reaction of Orthophosphoric acid and Calcium hydroxide. The nanoparticles were coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sodium Alginate with the antibiotic, Rifampicin, being encapsulated in the variants (10mg and 20mg). Four different fractions were prepared, T1 and T2 comprise of HANPs with the drug coated with PVA, while the other fractions, T3, T4, comprised of HANPs, PVA, Sodium Alginate and Rifampicin (10mg; 20mg). The percentage yields were T1 87%, T2 87.1%, T3 91.5% and T4 92.6%. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the drug design was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. From the results, T3 and T4 have the higher encapsulation efficiencies of 94.9 % and 95.8 % while the fractions coated with only PVA, T1 and T2 gave better zones of inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli. These nanocomposites are intended for use in the treatment of musculoskeletal infections, particularly Osteomyelitis. Bones are less vascularized making it more difficult for drug penetration, hence wound healing is usually very poor. Hydroxyapatite has close similarity with the inorganic component of vertebrate bone and can stimulate formation of new healthy bone. This makes hydroxyapatite a suitable material for orthopedic implants.

Keywords Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites Osteomyelitis Drug delivery Rifampicin.

Development of Laminated Particle Board from Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a Pathway for Agro-Waste Management

Gold Abiola Ananfi — Kwara State Polytechnic

Abstract
The increasing demand for affordable and eco-friendly construction materials has stimulated research into the utilization of agricultural residues for composite production. This study investigates the production of laminated particle board incorporating waste corn cob ash as a partial replacement for conventional fillers. The aim was to enhance material performance while promoting sustainable waste management. Corn cob ash, a by-product of agro-waste combustion, was processed and integrated into particle board formulation under controlled conditions. The boards produced exhibited a water absorptive of 20 m³, indicating good resistance to moisture uptake compared to conventional particle boards. Furthermore, tensile strength testing revealed a value of 45 N/mm², demonstrating adequate structural reliability and mechanical stability for interior applications. The lamination process not only improved the aesthetic appeal of the boards but also contributed to dimensional stability and surface protection. Results from this study highlight the potential of corn cob ash as an alternative reinforcement material in particle board production, reducing reliance on synthetic fillers and minimizing environmental pollution from agricultural residues. The successful performance of the boards suggests their suitability for use in furniture, panelling, and light construction purposes, thereby offering a cost-effective and sustainable solution for the building materials industry.

Keywords Keywords: Agro-waste management Corn cob ash (CCA) Laminated particle board Mechanical properties Sustainable materials

Effect of gamma irradiation on the decay of Xanthosoma sagittifolium cultivated in Nigeria

Uchenna Onwuhaka Madu — Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission

Gladys N. Nwachukwu — Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Ogbonnaya Chukwu — Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Peter A. Idah — Federal University Of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Kassem U. Isah — Federal University Of Technology Minna

Uchenna O. Madu — Nigeria Atomic Energy Commission

Cocoyam is consumed in diversified ways and as part of different dishes in Nigeria. One of the varieties of cocoyam cultivated in Nigeria is the Xanthosoma sagittifolium (NXs 001 and NXs 002). This study is to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the decay of Xanthosoma sagittifolium cultivated in Nigeria. Healthy, freshly harvested Xanthosoma sagittifolium corms were sorted and weighed; each weighed 70 g. The sorted corms were divided into six equal groups of 7 kg for each variety. One group was not irradiated and served as the control; the remaining five groups were irradiated with gamma rays at 20Gy, 40Gy, 80Gy, 120Gy, and 150Gy, respectively. An alanine dosimeter was used to verify the doses. The irradiated corms were stored for 28 weeks under ambient conditions and evaluated periodically for decay. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used for the experimental design. Three independent variables — dose, storage period, and variety — were examined in relation to the dependent response of decay. Statistical analysis using ANOVA showed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between control and irradiated samples. The regression model and standard error values indicated a model that fits perfectly and has good predictive capability. The result also showed that, as the irradiation dose increased, the decay values decreased across the varieties. The percentage decay in NXs 001 decreased from 88% (control) to 35% (150Gy), and for NXs 002, it decreased from 85% (control) to 44% (150Gy). Gamma irradiation can is a preservation method that can be used to minimize decay in Xanthosoma sagittifolium cultivated in Nigeria.

Keywords cocoyam gamma ray irradiated decay regression model

FORMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKEN FEED FORMULATED WITH FERMENTED SOYA BEAN AND CASSAVA PEELS AS CHEAP ALTERNATIVE FEED SOURCE

Aborode Taofeek Oyeniyi — Federal Polytechnic Offa, Kwara State

Fowomola Moshood Abiodun — The Federal Polytechnic Offa

Agbaa Mustapha Abdulfatai — The Federal Polytechnic Offa

Mohammed Kehinde Olalere — The Federal Polytechnic Offa

Issah Kamaldeen Oladimeji — The Federal Polytechnic Offa

This study evaluated the biological and chemical properties of a formulated broiler chicken feed comprising fermented soya bean with cassava peels. Proximate analysis of the formulated feed revealed: crude protein (8.63%), crude fiber (6.91%), fat (1.11%), ash content (4.66%), moisture content (11.78%), and carbohydrate content (66.92%). In comparison, the standard feed contained: crude protein (7.7%), crude fiber (3.54%), fat (2.45%), ash content (2.18%), moisture content (14.28%), and carbohydrate content (69.86%). Feces analysis showed the following composition for the formulated feed: crude protein (7.67%), crude fiber (3.7%), fat (3.83%), ash content (2.74%), moisture content (9.82%), and carbohydrate content (72.24%); and for the standard feed: crude protein (4.97%), crude fiber (2.83%), fat (1.13%), ash content (1.67%), moisture content (15.71%), and carbohydrate content (73.69%). Biological evaluation revealed that the standard feed had a Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of 0.37, Biological Value (BV) of 36.79, and Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of 0.13. In contrast, the formulated feed exhibited improved nutritional indices: NPU (0.39), BV (44.69), and PER (1.08). These findings suggest that fermented soya bean with cassava peels is a viable, cost-effective alternative feed source for broiler chicken feed.

Keywords Broiler chicken feed Fermented soya bean Cassava peels Nutritional indices Alternative feed source

Harnessing Tropical Plant Phytochemistry for the Sustainable Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgONPs) with Enhanced Thermal Stability

Godfrey Osatohamwen Otabor — Ambrose Alli University

*godfrey Osatohamwen Otabor — Ambrose Alli University

Esther Uwidia Ikhuoria — University Of Benin

Ikhazuagbe Hilary Ifijen — Rubber Research Institute, Nigeria

Joshua Osaretin Onaifo — Ambrose Alli University

In this study, green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) via Elaeis guineensis (African Oil palm) and Chromolaena odorata (Awolowo) leaf aqueous extracts was explored in-order to establish the effects of phytochemical contents on the synthesis efficiency and thermal stability. The reduction efficacy of these tropical plant biomasses was measured by percentage yield values, 58.47% for E. guineensis and 60.59% for C. odorata. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the presences of key functional groups such (O–H), (C=C), and (Mg–O) stretching vibrations. The MgONPs synthesized were found to be mesoporous in nature with high crystallinity. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of 355.962 m²/g (E. guineensis) and 318.611 m²/g (C. odorata), while particle sizes were 100.3 nm and 44.57 nm, respectively. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) findings revealed that MgONPs synthesized using E. guineensis exhibited multi-step degradation (weight loss) with 25.5% residue whereas those synthesized using C. odorata exhibited greater thermal stability by exhibiting single broad degradation leaving a greater residue of 28.9%. The results clearly reveal that phytochemical constitution plays an important role in governing the efficiency of synthesis as well as the physiochemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles.

Keywords Keywords: Green Synthesis Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Phytochemicals Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis Tropical Leaf Extracts

IMPACT OF LAND USE PATTERN ON IRESA-APA ARABLE FARM

Saheed Ayodeji Akande — Federal Polytechnic Ayede

Olabooye, A.o. — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Bello, B.o. — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Adeniyi, Y.r. — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Ganiyu, C.p. — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Oparinde, M.d. — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

This study was conducted to assess the impact of different land use patterns on the physical properties of soil at the arable farm of Federal Polytechnic Ayede Temporary Site, Iresa-Apa, Oyo state. Specifically, the study evaluated soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH levels. Four distinct land use plots—cassava, maize, yam, and fallow—were selected and analyzed for organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and particle size distribution.
The highest organic carbon content in the topsoil was recorded in the yam plot (5.54 mg g⁻¹), followed by fallow land (4.32 mg g⁻¹), maize plot (3.10 mg g⁻¹), and cassava plot (2.00 mg g⁻¹). In the subsoil, organic carbon content was 0.70 mg g⁻¹ in fallow land, 0.54 mg g⁻¹ in maize, 0.50 mg g⁻¹ in yam, and 0.65 mg g⁻¹ in cassava plots. Topsoil total nitrogen was highest in the yam plot (0.54 mg g⁻¹), followed by fallow land (0.40 mg g⁻¹), maize plot (0.35 mg g⁻¹), and cassava plot (0.15 mg g⁻¹). Subsoil nitrogen was generally lower, with cassava and fallow plots both at 0.06 mg g⁻¹, and maize and yam plots at 0.05 mg g⁻¹.
In terms of pH, the topsoil of fallow and maize plots shared the same value (5.65), followed by yam and cassava plots at 5.55. Subsoil pH was slightly lower, recorded at 5.50 for both maize and yam plots. Generally, total nitrogen, organic carbon, and pH levels were consistently higher in the topsoil compared to the subsoil across all land use types.

Keywords Land use Particle size distribution fallow land

Impacts of the Women-In-Agriculture (WIA) Extension Activities on the Income Levels of Women Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria.

Bashir Bello — Federal Polytechnic Ayede

Adetoro Ifeoluwa Olanrewaju — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Akande Saheed Ayodeji — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State

Imoru Adegboyega Samuel — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Oyo State, Nigeria

The Women-In-Agriculture (WIA) extension activities has emerged as a critical intervention aimed at empowering women farmers by improving their access to agricultural knowledge, resources, and decision-making authority. This study investigates the impact of the WIA extension program on the income levels of women farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a multistage sampling technique to select a representative sample of 180 women farmers across six local government areas in Niger State, Nigeria. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression techniques specifically t-tests, to determine the significance of differences in income levels at 1% and 5% significance levels. The analysis revealed that four key agricultural activities vegetable production, animal production, crop production, and farm labor were positively and significantly associated with increased income among women farmers participating in the WIA program. Vegetable and animal production showed significance at the 1% level, while crop production and farm labor were significant at the 5% level. These findings indicate that active engagement in these agricultural activities, facilitated by the extension program, substantially enhances the earning capacity of women farmers. Consequently, increased income from these activities contributes to improved standards of living and economic empowerment for women in rural communities.

Keywords Women farmers Women In Agriculture (WIA) Income levels Extension activities Niger state

Inhibitory Effect of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Pulp on Alpha Amylase for Antidiabetic Drug Discovery

Abdulhakeem Funsho Ahmed — Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin

Diabetes poses a public health burden range from the inadequacy of current therapies to complications. A new diabetic therapy derived from plants with less or no adverse effects is needed. Studies has shown that African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) is has a wide range of therapeutic potentials used as a traditional remedies in curing some diseases in some countries. The objective of this study was to prepare aqueous extract of African Star Apple pulp, determine the in vitro inhibitory effect of African Star Apple pulp on alpha-amylase activity; investigate the type of inhibition (competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetitive) exhibited by African Star Apple pulp on alpha-amylase activity; determine the IC50 value of African Star Apple pulp for alpha-amylase inhibition and compare the inhibitory potential of African Star Apple pulp with standard alpha-amylase inhibitors. It was observed that the IC50 values obtained from the inhibition assay provide valuable insights into the potency of the pulp (C. albidum) and the standard inhibitor, acarbose, against alpha amylase activity. In the absence of the inhibitor (Chrysophyllum albidum extract), the enzyme alpha amylase has a Km value of 0.4, indicating a relatively high affinity for the substrate (starch). The changes in Km and Vmax values indicate a non-competitive inhibition pattern, where the inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme than the substrate, altering both the enzyme's affinity and catalytic activity. The enzyme kinetics analysis indicates a non-competitive inhibition pattern, where C. albidum binds to a different site on the enzyme, altering both affinity and catalytic activity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the discrepancies in the findings and optimize the extract's potential.

Keywords Inhibitory Effect African Star Apple Pulp Alpha Amylase Antidiabetic Drug Discovery

Investigation of Panicum maximum - derived Compost and Brown Liquid as Materials for Soil Remediation.

Ita Uwidia — University Of Benin

Francicsa I Onyeneke — Department Of Chemistry, University Of Benin, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria

Victor U Ibobo — Department Of Chemistry, University Of Benin, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria

In this study we investigate the bioremediation potential of biological materials such as Panicum maximum-derived compost (PMC) and brown liquid (PMBL) on contaminated soil, focusing on their physicochemical properties and microbial composition. Key parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content, total organic matter (TOM), and microbial load were monitored. The results obtained revealed that both PMC and PMBL showed varying physicochemical properties and microbial activity. PMC exhibited a stable pH range of 8.77 to 8.26, an increase in total organic carbon (TOC) from 52.58 mg/kg to 55.72 mg/kg, and a steady rise in microbial count from 791 CFU to 799 CFU. In contrast, PMBL had an initial pH of 3.63 which increased to 5.74 also, the fluctuating microbial counts ranged from 820 CFU to 819 CFU. Panicum maximum compost (PMC) and Panicum maximum brown liquid (PMBL) have shown potential for bioremediation, though with distinct differences in their effectiveness and microbial dynamics. Overall, the compost material (PMC) demonstrated superior bioremediation capacity in improving soil quality, making it a promising sustainable solution for environmental restoration.

Keywords Keywords: Panicum maximum Compost Brown Liquid Bio-materials Bioremediation

Mineralogical and Thermo-chemical Analysis of Local Raw Materials and the Suitability in Dental Ceramic Prosthesis: XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD and DTA/DSC Insights

Dr. Sunday Chukwuemeka Agbo — Projects Development Institute (proda) Enugu

Caius Chukwudi Onu — Projects Development Institue (proda) Enugu

Dr. Fidelis Iloamuzo — Projects Development Institute (proda) Enugu

Dr. Eunice Uche Ekpunobi — Nnamdi Azikiwe University

Dr. Peter Okwudirichukwu Ogbobe — Projects Development Institute (proda) Enugu

The continuous growth in demand for affordable and high-performance dental ceramics has prompted increased interest in utilising locally available raw materials, especially in developing countries. This review critically examines the elemental, microstructural, crystallographic, and thermal characteristics of local materials, such as feldspar, clay, silica sand, limestone, zirconia sand, and animal bone ash, being explored as substitutes for conventional dental porcelain ingredients. Emphasis is based on the application of these special analytical techniques, such as X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Thermal Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DTA/DSC) to assess the clinical suitability of these materials for ceramic dental prosthesis developments and fabrications. XRF and SEM-EDS give the chemical composition of the raw materials, highlighting the presence of key elements and oxides. The SEM micrograph reveals microstructural attributes such as the grain morphology, porosity, and sintering behaviour. XRD and FT-IR are used to identify crystalline/mineral phases and also assess phase stability after thermal processing, and the DTA/DSC is specifically for the thermal suitability of these materials at given temperatures. The findings from multiple studies demonstrate that many locally sourced materials exhibit comparable properties to commercial dental ceramics, although processing and refinement are often necessary to meet clinical standards. This review underscores the potential for developing cost-effective, region-specific dental ceramic systems and encourages further research and investment into standardization, biocompatibility, and large-scale production of these materials.

Keywords Mineralogy Ceramic Dentals Thermo-chemical Local materials Suitability XRD.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIDIABETIC STUDIES OF CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF THE STEM AND BARK OF Piliostigma thonningii.

Musa Abubakar .o. — Kwara State Polytechnic Ilorin

In the current research, the dried stem weighing 55g and the root weighing 50g of the Piliostigma thonningii plant underwent extraction using 95% methanol. A preliminary screening of the crude extracts revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids. These compounds play a crucial role in the plant's medicinal properties.
To evaluate the antidiabetic potential of the stem and root bark extracts, several tests were conducted. These included non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin, glucose uptake assays, and enzymatic inhibitory assessments. The results of these tests indicated that the methanolic extract from the stem exhibited notably higher activity compared to the root extract in terms of percentage inhibition. This suggests that the stem extract may hold more promise in terms of managing diabetes mellitus.
In conclusion, the antidiabetic effects observed in the methanolic crude extracts from both the stem and root of Piliostigma thonningii can be attributed to the synergistic interactions among the diverse phytochemicals present in these plant parts. This finding further supports the traditional uses of this plant in diabetes management. The research underscores the importance of exploring natural sources for potential therapeutic agents and highlights the significance of traditional medicine in modern scientific research.

Keywords Phytochemicals Piliostigma thonningi Diabetes Bio-active Inhibitory

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Morinda lucida

Bashir Dayo Abdulrahman — Kwara State Polytechnic

Adeloye Opeyemi Ayodeji — University Of Ilorin

Zubair H.f — Kwara State Polytechnic

Medicinal plants have long constituted a vital component of traditional medicine, providing alternative therapeutic agents with minimal adverse effects. Morinda lucida, a tropical rainforest species commonly referred to as the brimstone tree, holds substantial ethnopharmacological significance across Africa. This study examines the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of Morinda lucida leaves. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, which are important bioactive constituents possessing significant therapeutic and health-enhancing properties. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with significant inhibition zones observed, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antioxidant activity was determined via the DPPH radical scavenging assay. GC-MS analysis identified 18 bioactive compounds, including Benzeneethanol and Oleanitrile, further substantiating the pharmacological potential of Morinda lucida. These findings shows the therapeutic relevance of Morinda lucida in mitigating microbial resistance and oxidative stress, supporting its potential applications in pharmaceutical development and nutraceutical formulations.

Keywords Morinda lucida Phytochemicals Antioxidant activity Antimicrobial Properties Ethnopharmacology DPPH assay.

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Heeria pulcherrima Leaves

Rukayat Opatokun-saliu — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun

Rukayat Odunola Opatokun-saliu — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun

O. O. Dosumu — University Of Ilorin, Kwara State

Ameen O. Mubarak — University Of Ilorin, Kwara State

F. Afolabi — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun

Basheer A. Jaji — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun

Faniran Azeezat Ayomide — Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State

Agboola Sururah Remilekun — Lead City University, Ibadan, Oyo State

Abstract
Medicinal plants have been at the forefront of the treatment of illnesses for ages. Herria pulcherrima is one of the 83 genera in the Anacardiaceae family, also known as the cashew or sumac family, which includes over 860 recognized species. The leaves of H. pulcherrima were extracted in the current study using n-hexane (NH), ethyl acetate (EA), and ethanol (EtOH). The antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the leaves were assessed, and the phytochemical contents of this plant species were confirmed. Alkaloids, proteins, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, phlobatannins, coumarins, and fixed oils are among the phytochemicals present in this plant. Furthermore, the antimicrobial screening revealed that all of the extracts demonstrated notable activity against most of the tested microorganisms, with ethanol extract showing the strongest activity against the bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus with an inhibition zone of 27.00 ± 1.4 where the reference Gentamicin 38 ± 0.00; and fungi Candida albcians and Aspergillus niger 20.00 ± 1.4 and 20.50 ± 0.71 where the reference Tioconozole 28 ± 0.00. The antioxidant potential of H. pulcherrima leaves was concentration-dependent, while ethanol extract showed greater inhibitory concentration (IC50: 163.7 ± 1.84) percent potential than the standard ascorbic acid which possessed (IC50: 57.55 ± 1.79). The activities reported for these extracts align with the natives' ethnomedicinal claims of the plant.

Keywords Phytochemicals Antioxidant Antimicrobial H. pulcherrima

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT INVESTIGATION OF THE PEAR PLANT (Dacryodes edulis)

Abdulhakeem Isah — Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT INVESTIGATION OF THE PEAR PLANT (Dacryodes edulis)
ISAH, A., ODIA, A.E., IKHENEMUE, O.O AND OBRIFOR, E.B.

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University,
P.M.B 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.
Corresponding email: abdulhakeemisah@aauekpoma.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
This work investigated the phytochemical and antioxidant properties of aqueous and ethanol extract of the leaves, stem bark, seeds and roots of Dacryodes edulis. The results of the qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids. Antioxidant screening was assayed using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, reductive potentials and 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging. Results obtained from 15µg/ml of all extracts had least amount of percentage DPPH radicals, the values of DPPH for the leaves, stem bark, seeds and root were 14.59±0.21, 6.24±0.04, 3.53±0.12, 9.75±0.17 and 1.66±0.09 respectively. The values of percentage DPPH radical scavenging increased with extract concentration. Just like DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power also increases with concentration of extract however, the leaves showed a higher percentage reductive power. The half maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) and the maximal Effective Concentration (EC50) of extracts revealed that percentage values of ABTS were higher than those of DPPH in all samples. Generally, all plant extracts exhibit potent antioxidant properties as most of the extracts are not statistically different from standard ascorbic acid.

Keywords Keywoords: Alkaloids Antioxidant inhibitory macerated medicinal plant and phytochemical

Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Salvia rosamarinus (Rose Mary) and Nigella sativa (Black Seed)

Isaac Itseore — Edo State University Iyamho

Phytochemicals are chemicals that are present naturally in plants. This study focused on the comparative analysis of the proximate composition and phytochemical constituents of Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary) and Nigella sativa (black seed). Standard analytical methods were employed to determine moisture content, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate levels, alongside qualitative screening for bioactive compounds. The results revealed that Nigella sativa possesses higher levels of crude protein (20.90%) and fat (37.85%), while Salvia rosmarinus exhibited greater crude fibre (14.50%), ash content (6.85%) and moisture content (8.25%). Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, tannins, saponins, phenols, and cardiac glycosides in both samples, but these phytochemicals were mostly found in the rosemary plant, while some noticed in the black seed, underscoring their therapeutic potential. These findings support the continued use of these plants in traditional medicine and suggest promising applications in nutraceutical development. Further research is recommended to quantify individual phytochemicals and assess their pharmacological efficacy.

Keywords black seed functional food phytochemical screening nutraceutical rosemary.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE FROM CASHEW NUTS SHELLS

Abiola Ikudayisi-ugbe — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria

Graphene oxide is an excellent material and due to its amazing and unique properties such as hydrophilic nature, high surface area, high mechanical strength, molecular conductivity and its ability to combine with other materials as composite have made graphene oxide find applications in so many fields, from drug delivery, dental applications to wastewater managements. Graphene oxide is the oxide of graphene with carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like structure, containing oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, carbonyl, carboxyl and phenolic groups on the edges and basal planes. Its uses include water and wastewater purification, air separation, energy storage and many other fields that are finding graphene oxide remarkably useful. This study aims at the preparation via improved Hummer’s method and characterization (using FT-IR, SEM-EDX, XRD AND BET analysis) of graphene oxide from a biomass – cashew nuts shells, in order to reduce the costs of production, the complexity of the reactions and to make an effort at the conversion of wastes to valuable products.

Keywords Key Words: Graphene oxide Biomass Cashew nuts shells Wastes

Computational Design and Evaluation of Hydantoin Derivatives as Potential Anti-Tubercular Agents: Insights from ADMET, Molecular Docking, DFT, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Thomas Aondofa Nyijime — Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi

The persistent global burden of tuberculosis and the rise of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains necessitate the development of new therapeutic agents. In this study, hydantoin-based derivatives were designed and computationally evaluated as potential InhA inhibitors. A total of sixty-three derivatives were screened through molecular docking, with six top-performing compounds showing stronger binding affinities than the standard drug, isoniazid. Quantum chemical descriptors obtained from DFT calculations confirmed favourable electronic properties, particularly for compounds 23 and 53. ADMET predictions indicated good oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic behaviour, although compound 23 presented a potential mutagenicity alert. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the structural stability of lead compounds 23, 53, and the newly designed analogue 53b over 300 ns. RMSD, RMSF, and RoG analyses revealed that 53b maintained the most consistent structural profile. Furthermore, MM/GBSA calculations supported its strong binding affinity. Overall, compound 53b emerged as a promising lead candidate, combining potent inhibitory potential, favourable drug-like properties, and robust conformational stability. Further experimental validation is warranted.

Keywords Hydantoin designed analogue quantum chemical descriptor

Development and Evaluation of Castor Seeds’ Oil Based Metal Cutting Fluid using Design of Experiment via Taguchi Technique

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Ehibor, O. G — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi

Dirisu Braimah — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Romanus Ogunobo — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Sule Monday — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Okocha, G. O — Department Of Physics With Electronics, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Okafor, Michael — Department Of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi.

The roles of metal cutting fluids are not limited to cooling, lubricating and flushing away of chips but have also been seen to be instrumental in achieving better machining performance. In this study, castor seed oil (CSO) was by mechanical means (press) extracted. Its Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition (FAC) of CSO showed a kinematic viscosity values of 22.81, pH value of 5.84, specific gravity of 0.951, flash points of 155. Oil-in-water emulsion cutting fluid was formulated using the castor seeds’ oil and characterized. Castor seed oil based cutting fluid (CBCF) showed pH values of 8.47; kinematic viscosity value of 0.830 mm2/sec respectively. The pH value and the kinematic viscosity of the Mineral oil based cutting fluid (MBCF) used as the reference fluid are 7.88 and 0.650 mm2/sec respectively. The performance evaluation of CBCF was compared with the conventional cutting fluids (MBCF) during the orthogonal turning of AISI 1020 Mild Steel using Tungsten carbide cutting tool insert; and then optimized using Minitab 18.1, ANOVA, Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio and Taguchi. The three parameters at three levels are the spindle speed (800 rpm, 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm), feed rate (0.4 mm/rev, 0.5 mm/rev and 0.6 mm/rev) and depth of cut (0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm) respectively. The S/N ratio results showed that optimal surface roughness of 0.2709 μm was reached at spindle speed (level 1), feed rate (level 1), depth of cut (level 2) under the CBCF. The experimental result shows that CBCF exhibit minimal surface roughness of 0.2709 μm compared to 0.2805 μm under the MBCF respectively.

Keywords Taguchi ANOVA Signal to Noise Ratio Minitab Surface Roughness

Development and Evaluation of Neem Seeds’ Oil Based Metal Cutting Fluid using Design of Experiment via Taguchi Technique.

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Ehibor, O. G — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi

Okocha, G. O. — Department Of Physics With Electronics, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi.

Dirisu Braimah — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi

Romanus Ogunobo — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Sule Monday — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Okafor Michael — Department Of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Metal cutting fluids are not limited to cooling, lubricating and flushing away of chips but have also been seen to be instrumental in achieving better machining performance. In this study, neem seed oil (NSO) was by mechanical means (press) extracted. Its Physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition (FAC) of NSO showed a kinematic viscosity values of 28.74, pH value of 6.20, specific gravity of 0.897, flash points of 225. Oil-in-water emulsion cutting fluid was formulated using the neem seeds’ oil and characterized. Neem seed oil based cutting fluid (NBCF) showed pH values of 8.35; kinematic viscosity value of 0.896 mm2/sec respectively. The pH value and the kinematic viscosity of the Mineral oil based cutting fluid (MBCF) used as the reference fluid were 7.88 and 0.650 mm2/sec respectively. The performance evaluation of NBCF was compared with the conventional cutting fluids (MBCF) during the orthogonal turning of AISI 1020 Mild Steel using Tungsten carbide cutting tool insert; and then optimized using Minitab 18.1, ANOVA, Signal to Noise (S/N) Ratio and Taguchi. The three parameters at three levels are the spindle speed (800 rpm, 1000 rpm and 1250 rpm), feed rate (0.4 mm/rev, 0.5 mm/rev and 0.6 mm/rev) and depth of cut (0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm) respectively. The S/N ratio results showed that minimum surface roughness of 0.2285 μm was reached at spindle speed (level 1), feed rate (level 1), and depth of cut (level 1) for NBCF. The experimental results show that NBCF exhibit minimal surface roughness of 0.2285 μm compared to 0.2805 μm under the MBCF respectively.

Keywords Keywords: Taguchi Signal to Noise Ratio Minitab NBCF Surface Roughness

Effect of Used Engine Oil on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics as a Processing Aid.

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Jedaiah, E. O. — Department Of Chemistry, University Of Benin, Benin-city

Edema, O. G. — Department Of Physics With Electronics, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Ohimai, J. O. — Department Of Ceramics Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Iliya, E. — Department Of Ceramics Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

This research work is designed to examine the influence of oil addition on the physical and mechanical properties of ceramic materials during processing and sintering. Various concentrations of oil (0–8 wt. %) were incorporated into clay-based ceramics to evaluate their impact on densification, hardness, toughness, and tensile strength. The experimental data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and regression modeling. Results revealed that an optimum oil content of 4 wt% enhanced hardness and mechanical strength due to improved particle packing and pore reduction during firing. Beyond this point, excess oil generated carbonaceous residues that weakened bonding and reduced density. The findings indicate that controlled use of oil as a processing aid can significantly improve ceramic performance and reduce production defects. Results revealed that moderate oil incorporation (2–4 wt%) significantly improved green body plasticity and reduced cracking during drying, while excessive oil content (>6 wt%) led to increased porosity and reduced densification after firing. Hardness, toughness, and compressive strength values were optimized at intermediate oil levels, indicating a lubrication–pore balance that promotes better particle rearrangement. Microscopic examination confirmed smoother microstructures with fewer voids in samples treated with vegetable oil compared to mineral oil. Analytical modeling using regression and ANOVA verified that oil content is a statistically significant factor influencing hardness (p < 0.05) and toughness (p < 0.01). The study concludes that controlled oil addition can enhance processability and mechanical performance of ceramics, but optimization of composition is crucial to avoid strength degradation. These findings provide valuable insight for advanced ceramic manufacturing, particularly where green forming and sintering behavior are critical to product performance.

Keywords condemned oil ceramics processing mechanical properties statistical analysis

Optimal Control Analysis of the Transmission Dynamics of Lassa Virus in Prevalent Communities in Nigeria: The case study of Ondo State.

Oluwamuyiwa Olupitan — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ilaorangun

With the current wave of global health challenges and the resurgence of several infectious diseases such as Cholera, Yellow Fever, SARS-CoV-2, Monkeypox, and Lassa Fever, public health concerns continue to grow, particularly in West Africa. Ondo State, Nigeria, has recorded the highest number of Lassa Fever cases nationwide, prompting concerted efforts by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Ondo State Primary Health Care (OSPH) experts, and researchers to curb its transmission dynamics. In this study, we developed and analyzed an Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)–based mathematical model to describe the transmission dynamics of Lassa Fever Disease (LFD). The feasible region and positivity of the model solutions were verified, and the Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) was obtained. We computed and examined the basic reproduction number,R0, and established the global stability of the DFE. Furthermore, through model-fitting and parameter estimation, the conditions for stability were determined. Numerical simulations revealed that effective pest control measures significantly reduce Lassa Fever transmission.

Keywords Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) Lassa Fever Disease (LFD) Reproduction Number (Ro)

Thermodynamic and Kinetics Study of Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium in HCl Medium using Syzygium Guineense Wall Methanolic Leaves Extract as Inhibitor

Ahmed Onimisi Sumaila — Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Sumaila Ahmed Onimisi — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara Kogi State, Nigeria

Sumaila Abdulmumuni — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara Kogi State, Nigeria

Yahaya Muhammad Kabir — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara Kogi State, Nigeria

Ibrahim Jimoh — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara Kogi State, Nigeria

Muhammad Abdullahi Ayuba — Department Of Pure And Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria

Shehu Abdulazeez Shaib — Department Of Civil And Mining Engineering, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State, Nigeria

This study used gravimetric and potentiodynamic polarisation techniques to examine the corrosion inhibition of aluminium metal in 0.2 M HCl solution using Syzygium guineense wall extract as an inhibitor. Relevant thermodynamic and kinetic equations were employed to determine the activation energy, enthalpy, entropy changes and order of the reaction. The adsorption isotherms were used to evaluate the Gibb’s free energy change. Observation from the results of the study showed that the activation energy (Ea) of an inhibited process was higher when compared with the uninhibited process which increases from 39.94 – 67.66 kJmol-1 and the Gibb’s free energy change of adsorption was negative and less than the -20 kJmol-1 threshold and it increases from -19.665 to -19.629 kJmol-1 as the temperature increases from 303 – 323 K indicating physisorption and spontaneity of the adsorption process.The corrosion rate decreases as the inhibitor concentration increases from 0.2 – 0.6 gL-1 and increases along with temperature but with decrease in equilibrium constant of adsorption; indicating physical adsorption of the inhibitor on the aluminium surface while the potentiodynamic polarization technique gave 78.32 % as the highest inhibition efficiency at inhibitor concentration of 0.6 gL-1. The enthalpy change of adsorption (ΔHads) was found to be -20.210 kJmol-1 and its negative values indicate the exothermic nature of the adsorption process of the extract on the aluminium surface while the entropy change was found to be -0.0018 kJ K-1mol-1. The adsorption data were consistent with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Flory –Huggins and El-Awady isotherm models but relatively best fitted to Freundlich isotherm. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption process follows first order reaction.

Keywords Thermodynamic parameters kinetic study isotherm models and inhibition efficiency

Assessment of Certain Chemical Constituents in Selected Energy Drinks in the Ilorin Metropolis

Ibrahim Muhammad Murtala — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun, Osun State

Ibrahim Oloruntele Opeyemi — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun Osun State

Basheer Jaji Akanbi — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun Osun State

Sherif Oluwagbenga Adeoye — Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun Osun State

This study compared and evaluated the physicochemical characteristics and selected chemical components of five different brands of energy drinks purchased at random. The physicochemical parameters analyzed included pH, turbidity, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS), while the concentrations of aspartame, sugar, and caffeine were also determined. The results showed variations among samples, with pH ranging from 4.47 ± 0.012 to 5.96 ± 0.012, turbidity from 8 ± 0.577 to 592 ± 1.155 NTU, conductivity from 2.21 ± 0.006 to 1975 ± 1.732 µS/cm, and TDS from 243 ± 0.577 to 1064 ± 0.577 mg/L. All values fell within the range recommended by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The mineral composition revealed the presence of iron (2.0–2500 mg/L), calcium (2.763 ± 0.0009–19.310 ± 0.0015 mg/L), zinc (0.045 ± 0.0001–13.887 ± 0.0037 mg/L), and potassium (1.961 ± 0.0003–0.294 ± 0.0005 mg/L). Concentrations of lead (0.028 ± 0.0006–0.209 ± 0.0009 mg/L), manganese (0.002 ± 0.0002–0.102 ± 0.0003 mg/L), and copper (0.003 ± 0.0001–0.024 ± 0.0002 mg/L) were also detected. Lead values exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 0.01 mg/L, while copper and manganese levels were below their MCLs of 1.0 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L, respectively. Cadmium was not detected in any of the energy drinks except in Sample E (0.102 ± 0.0003 mg/L), which was higher than the MCL of 0.005 mg/L.

The concentrations of sugar (1.11–2487.13 mg/L), aspartame (6.51–1491.19 mg/L), and caffeine (16.98–1686.73 mg/L) varied among samples but remained below the FDA limits of 400 mg/L for aspartame and 3000 mg/L for caffeine. Although most parameters were within acceptable limits, elevated levels of lead and cadmium in some samples indicate potential health risks, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring of energy drink composition and consumption patterns.

Keywords Energy drinks chemical constituents physicochemical parameter Ilorin

Digital Transformation in Estate Management: Leveraging Technology for Efficient Property Administration

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

In an era defined by rapid technological advancement and the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the estate and property management sector is undergoing significant disruption. This paper examines how digital transformation is reshaping traditional estate management – from residential and commercial portfolios to large-scale institutional real-estate assets. We present a structured exploration of the background, conceptual foundations, technological tools, global trends, benefits, challenges, strategies, empirical findings and recommendations. Drawing on recent literature and industry insights, we show that leveraging platforms such as property-management software, geographic information systems (GIS), artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud-based record-keeping can deliver operational efficiency, data-driven decision-making, enhanced client service and improved sustainability outcomes. Yet, critical barriers persist including infrastructural gaps, institutional inertia, human-capacity limitations and cybersecurity risks. We conclude with strategic interventions for stakeholders in estate management, especially within emerging-economy contexts, to accelerate digital adoption and maximize the value of technology for efficient property administration.

Keywords Artificial intelligence Industrial Revolution Barriers

EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF PAINT EFFLUENT ON CLARIAS GARIEPINUS

Babatunde Ojo Akinnuoye — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

Omogbehin Samson Adehuga — Federal Polytechnic Ile-oluji, Ile-oluji, Ondo State, Nigeria

Akinnuoye Aderonke Mercy — Kwara State University, Malete, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Industries perform key role in the socio-economic growth of any country. However, global industrialization, has placed much pressure on natural resources. The rapid expansion in industries has led to an increase in the complexity of toxic effluents being discharged into the environment that create a remarkable impact on the receiving water bodies. This research focused on the physicochemical analysis and acute toxicity of paint effluent obtained from Waplux Paint Industry in Ondo State, aiming to assess its composition and potential environmental impact. The study involved an extensive investigation of various parameters, including colour, odour, turbidity, electrical conductivity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients (phosphate, sulphate and nitrate), and ion concentration (chloride, sodium, and potassium). The study also investigated the acute toxicity of the paint effluent on Clarias gariepinus by adopting a static bioassay to assess the behavioural, lethal, and physiological responses of Clarias gariepinus to varying concentrations, 250 mlL-1, 300 mlL-1 and 350 mlL-1 of the paint effluent. The results revealed a diverse effluent composition, with some parameters meeting established standards, while others raise environmental concerns. The acute toxicity test revealed a relatively low 96-hour lethal concentration (LC50) of 293.81 mlL-1, suggesting that the immediate lethality of the paint effluent on the catfish was not high. Probit analysis visually confirmed a concentration-dependent mortality trend. Physicochemical parameters of water quality were measured throughout the bioassay, showing variations in pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids. However, temperature remained relatively constant. The findings highlight the potential impact of paint effluent on aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and research on sublethal effects. The study recommends water treatment measures, regular monitoring programs, environmental impact assessments, public awareness campaigns, and exploration of alternative processes to enhance the sustainable management of paint effluent.

Keywords Physicochemical acute toxicity lethal concentration effluent environmental impact.

IMPACTS OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION ON PROCESSED CASSAVA SAMPLES SUN DRIED ALONG ABUJA-LOKOJA ROADSIDE, NIGERIA

Habeeb Abdulkadiri — Edo State University,iyamho.

Olutoyin Deborah Asiriuwa — Edo State University,iyamho

Linda Elseeofehameh — Edo State University,iyamho

IMPACTS OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION ON PROCESSED CASSAVA SAMPLES SUN DRIED ALONG ABUJA-LOKOJA ROADSIDE, NIGERIA
Habeeb Abdulkadiri,1Olutoyin Deborah Asiriuwa1& Linda ElseeOfehAmeh2
1 Department of Industrial Chemistry, Edo State University Iyamho, Edo State Nigeria
2 Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Iyamho, Edo State Nigeria.
Corresponding author: habeeb.abdulkadiri@edouniversity.edu.ng
Tel: 08030445175
Abstract
This study was aimed at assessing the impacts of vehicular emissions and atmospheric deposition on processed cassava samples sun dried along Abuja-Lokoja roadside, Nigeria. A total of 18 dried cassava samples were randomly collected from road side drying points including Sheda, Kwali, Yangoji, Abaji, Kotokarfi, Lokoja towns and along Abuja- Lokoja highway (three samples per location).Six fresh cassava root samples were also obtained at farm locations and were used as control. Heavy metal levels were determined spectrophotometrically and their mean concentration values obtained in mg/kg were lead (0.0048), cadmium (0.01125), zinc (0.4719), manganese (0.2436), nickel (0.07965), and iron (0.0306). The values of other parameters determined were pH (5.39), moisture content (8.1856), ash content (3.8400). Heavy metal concentration values were found to be below WHO/US recommended dietary limits. Lead (0.2), Cadmium (0.05), nickel (2.7), manganese (0.17), zinc (50) in mg/kg. However, continuous consumption of these pollutants via this cassava flour may pose health challenges due to cumulative effects. Therefore, enlightenment programme on the food processing technique is highly essential for the general Nigerian populace.
Keywords: Vehicular Emission, Atmospheric Deposition, Processed cassava.

Keywords Vehicular Emission Atmospheric Deposition Processed cassava.

INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF BLENDED PARKIA BIGLOBOSA AND DELONIX REGIA EXTRACTS ON CORROSION OF AISI 1007 STEEL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID MEDIUM

Yusuf Shuaib-babata — University Of Ilorin Ilorin Nigeria

Ajao, Kabiru Sleiman — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Busari Yusuf Olanrewaju — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Ambali Ibrahim Owolabi — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Okolo John — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Plant extracts of Parkia Biglobosa plant and Delonix Regia were investigated as corrosion inhibitors on mild steel in 1M HCl through the weight loss method, gasometric measurement, electrochemical polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A mass loss study showed that the PBPE increases the rate of corrosion while DRPE acts as an excellent corrosion inhibitor. When PBPE:DRPE was hybridized in the ratios of 3:1, 1:3, 2:1, 1:2, and 1:1, it showed that the formulation having a higher concentration of DRPE showed excellent corrosion inhibition when compared to PBPE. The gasometric method result showed that the PBPE increases the rate of the corrosion, while the PBPE is an excellent corrosion inhibitor; however, hybridizing both PBPE:DRPE in the ratio 3:1, 1:3, 2:1,1:2,1:1 is an efficient inhibitor. Electrochemical polarisation data indicated that inhibition occurred through a combination of different modes. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the variation in impedance parameters, such as charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, was caused by the adsorption of the active element in the inhibitors. This adsorption led to the creation of a protective layer on the surface of the mild steel.

Keywords CORROSION HYDROCHLORIC ACID INHIBITOR PLANT EXTRACTS POTENTIAL

Measurement of Radioactivity in Soil Samples Taken from Mining Site in Ijero Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria

Adeojo Taiwo Temitope — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun Osun State

Background Information: Measurements of radioactivity in soil samples from mining sites are vital for assessing environmental safety and public health risks. The primary radionuclide’s of concern in soil samples from mining areas are uranium-238 (238U), thorium-232 (232Th), and potassium-40 (40K).
Statement of the Problem: Ijero-Ekiti, a prominent mining area in southwestern Nigeria, is known for the extraction of minerals. However, these mining activities can disturb naturally occurring radioactive materials leading to increased levels of radioactivity in soils. Prolonged exposure to such radionuclide can pose health risks to miners and residents. Hence, the statement of the problem of this study is to measure the radioactivity in soil samples taken from mining site in Ijero Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria.
Aim: The aim of the research is to measure and evaluate the levels of radioactivity in soil samples collected from a mining site in Ijero Ekiti in order to assess potential environmental and health risks.
Method: A Ray Sensitive Sodium Iodide Detector that is interfaced with a series of 10 plus Canberra Multi-channel Analyzer was used for the research. The MCA (Multi-channel Analyzer) was used to measure the concentration of the naturally occurring radioactivity: Potassium-40 (40K), Uranium-238 (226Ra) and Thorium-232 (232Th).
Results and Discussion: The mean radioactivity concentration of K-40, Th-232, U-238 in the soil samples were of values 296.172±10.94 (Bqkg⁻¹), 8.58±18.84 Bqkg⁻¹ and 92.40±93.41 respectively. The resulting radiation dose values obtained were low and may carry no serious radiological implications to the workers and the population in the vicinity of the mining sites.

Keywords Environmental safety Public health Miners Residents.

Phosphate-Based Dehalogenation and Vitrification Strategies for Nuclear Waste Management

Iheanyichukwu Ajoku — Missouri University Of Science And Technology

Managing chloride-rich electrorefiner salt waste is a key challenge for the sustainable development of advanced nuclear energy systems. These wastes, produced during pyroprocessing and molten salt reactor operations, are chemically complex, highly radioactive, and corrosive, making long-term containment difficult. This study investigates phosphate-based vitrification as a pathway to stabilize such wastes, with particular focus on iron phosphate glasses. The objectives were to compare dehalogenation precursors, evaluate vitrification performance, and assess the structural and thermal stability of the resulting waste forms. A comparative analysis of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and phosphoric acid revealed distinct advantages and trade-offs. Phosphoric acid achieved efficient chloride removal at lower processing temperatures with fewer hazardous byproducts, while ammonium-based routes, although effective in dehalogenation, presented safety concerns. Iron phosphate glasses demonstrated superior waste loading, strong chemical durability, and favorable thermal properties compared to borosilicate glasses. These findings confirm their potential as hosts for immobilizing chloride-bearing nuclear wastes. This study advances sustainable waste management strategies by clarifying precursor selection, identifying structure-property relationships in iron phosphate glasses, and outlining priorities for scaling vitrification technologies.

Keywords Electrorefiner Salt Waste Molten Salt Reactors High-Level Waste Iron Phosphate Glasses Dehalogenation

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER MELON SEEDS

Ismail Ibrahim — University Of Ilorin

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) seeds, often considered an agricultural by – product, discarded agricultural waste are a rich source of diverse phtochemicals and nutrients, positioning them as a valuable ingredient for functional foods and nutraceuticals. Phytochemical analysis of the seeds revealed that the seeds are rich in protein (18-30%), lipids (20-50%) with a high concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber. The lipid profile is particularly notable for its high linoleic acid content (45-55%), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, followed by oleic, palmitic and stearic acid. Quantitative analysis shows significant level of total phenol ( 1494-5416 mg GAE/100g) and flavonoids, which contribute to potent biological activities. These phtochemicals are responsible for the seeds antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial , anti – inflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties. The extraction of these bioactive compounds is highly dependent on the solvent used, with methanol and water identified as particularly effective for recovering phenolic compound from the seeds. Watermelon seeds represent a promising, sustainable resource for health- enhancing food products and application in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords watermelon seeds phytochemical analysis phenolic compound sustainable nutrition

Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Sugar Cane Bagasse-Polyester Matrix Composites

Theresa Uchechukwu — Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike

Uchechukwu, A. K — Ogbonnaya Onu Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria

Nwigwe, M. N. — Federal University Of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

Harry, T. F — Mobil Producing Unlimited, Nigeria

Six eco-friendly composites and a control sample were developed from polyester (PES) resin matrix and sugar cane bagasse filler at different matrix-filler compositions by the technique of compression. Characterization of the new products according to surface morphology, chemical structure and the mechanical properties of tensile, flexural and impact strength as well as hardness shore D and abrasion resistance (AR) were carried out using appropriate instrument. The water absorption (WA) property and degree of resistance of the composites to the common chemical solvents of hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid as well as a detergent solution were also investigated. Finally, the dynamic mechanical properties of storage modulus (E1), loss modulus (E11) as well as change in length of modulus (∆Ɩ), tan delta (E11/ E1) and glass transition temperature (Tg), thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and biodegradability were determined. The results showed that the values of the tensile, flexural and impact strength respectively ranged between 10.21-18.00; 21.33-28.12 and 12.21-15.67 Mpa for the 9.37; 18.74; 28.11; 37.49; 46.80 and 56.88 % FW SCB-PES composites. Hardness shore D, elongation at break and AR values respectively of the composites ranged from 88.99-95.24; 0.84-12.70 and 7.652-15.37. WA values for the composites ranged between 2.65 and 3.66 while the % Weight Loss (% Wt.) by the composites after burying in the soil for 6 months ranged from 22.24 to 85.34. The results which show that sugar cane bagasse-polyester (SCB-PES) composites demonstrated acceptable mechanical and biodegradability properties portray the effectiveness of SCB as reinforcement for polyester matrix and the potential of the eco-friendly composites in the fabrication of utility materials for sustainable development and promotion of a circular economy.

Keywords Composites characterization biodegradability sustainable development circular economy

Synthesis and characterization of gold oxide –tin hydroxide-phthalocyanine [AuO-Sn(OH)2Pc] composites for enhanced antimicrobial applications

Hamzah Bawa — Federal University Of Petroleum Resources, Effurun

In this study, a novel gold oxide–tin hydroxide phthalocyanine nanocomposite (AuO–Sn(OH)₂Pc) was synthesized via a hydrothermal process using green-synthesized gold oxide nanoparticles (AuO–NPs) derived from Vernonia amygdalina extract. The phytochemical constituents of the extract were confirmed prior to nanoparticle formation. The synthesized phthalocyanine and nanocomposites were characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, and TEM analyses to determine their optical, structural, and morphological features. The UV–Vis spectra showed absorption maxima at 632 nm, 524 nm, and 665 nm for Sn(OH)₂Pc, AuO–NPs, and AuO–Sn(OH)₂Pc, respectively, confirming successful nanocomposite formation. TEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical morphologies with average particle sizes of 15.4 nm, 43 nm, and 12.5 nm for Sn(OH)₂Pc, AuO–NPs, and the nanocomposite, respectively. Antimicrobial activity evaluated by agar well diffusion against fourteen microbial strains indicated enhanced inhibition for the nanocomposite relative to AuO–NPs, although no significant difference was observed when compared with Sn(OH)₂Pc. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the nanoparticles and their composite at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that AuO–Sn(OH)₂Pc nanocomposites synthesized through an eco-friendly route possess improved physicochemical and antimicrobial properties, with potential applicability in biomedical and related fields.

Keywords Keywords: Phthalocyanine Gold oxide nanoparticles Green synthesis Hydrothermal process antimicrobial properties

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon as Functional Fillers for Polymer Composites: Influence of Activation Method and Pyrolysis Conditions on Structural and Adsorptive Properties

Philip Idemudia Edogun — Wellspring University

A sustainable resin will require alternative sources of feedstocks to reduce the greenhouse effect and meet the ever-increasing demand for energy and materials. This study was carried out to generate and analyze filler performance of porous carbon and bio-based precursor ability of bio-oil from soursop seeds (SSS) and mango seeds (MNS) via slow pyrolysis. The pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of SSS and MNS were carried out at a heating rate of 5 °C min⁻¹, temperature of 350 - 500 °C and residence time of 30 - 60 minutes. The porous carbon produced was chemically and physically activated at 850 °C and 5 °C min⁻¹ for 75 min with KOH and CO₂ respectively. The products were analyzed using GC-MS, FTIR, BET and adsorptive properties. The results shows 10.53–57.98 wt% for bio-oil and 10.30–34.04 wt% for biochar. Physically activated carbon (PAC) has high specific surface area of 602.78–869.15 m² g⁻¹, revealing potential as functional fillers in polymer composites. Surface functionality persist with aromatic and oxygenated group as shown by FTIR analysis, whereas BET and pore size distribution indicates microporous structure and macroporous characteristics for chemical activated carbon (CAC). Integrating porous carbon into polymer matrices could enhance mechanical strength, thermal stability and adsorption performance of polymer composites. The GS-MS result of bio-oil suggest it potency as precursors for polymer feedstocks and bio-based resin due to the presence of fatty acids, alkanes and nitriles.

Keywords Resin activated carbon filler BET GC-MS.

Compositional Analysis of Coconut Copra Meal Cake and Conventional Reinforcing Fillers for Polymer Reinforcement Applications

Jedaiah Erhagbai Oshioke — University Of Benin

Ikhuoria Esther Uwidia — Department Of Chemistry University Of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria

Ifijen I. Hilary — Rubber Research Institute Of Nigeria (rrin), Iyanomo, Edo State Nigeria

The development of sustainable reinforcing fillers for polymer composites has become imperative in addressing the economic and environmental challenges associated with conventional inorganic fillers. This study presents a comprehensive compositional analysis of Coconut Copra Meal Cake (CCMC) as a potential bio-based reinforcing filler, benchmarked against conventional fillers such as silica and calcium carbonate. The investigation employed Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and proximate analysis to evaluate the structural, elemental, and physicochemical characteristics of CCMC. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups including hydroxyl (–OH), carbonyl (C=O), and aliphatic (C–H) bonds, indicative of potential interfacial compatibility with polymer matrices. SEM microstructural examination revealed a rough and fibrous surface morphology with fine particle dispersion, while EDX analysis identified a predominance of carbon, oxygen, and trace elements such as silicon, calcium, and magnesium, contributing to its reinforcing potential. Proximate analysis demonstrated a favorable balance of moisture, ash, crude fiber, and lipid content, suggesting good thermal and mechanical stability. When compared to conventional fillers, CCMC exhibited comparable compositional and microstructural attributes with the added advantage of biodegradability, renewability, and cost-effectiveness. The findings underscore Coconut Copra Meal Cake as a promising sustainable alternative filler for polymer reinforcement, contributing to the advancement of green composite materials.

Keywords CCMC Polymer fillers FTIR SEM-EDX

In Vitro Assessment of Cell Proliferation of Prepared Samples of High Density Polyethylene as Prosthetic Biocompatible Materials

Michael Emoekpere — Yaba College Of Technology, Yaba, Lagos.

Owoeye, F. T. — Yaba College Of Technology, Yaba Lagos.

Emordi, H. O. — Yaba College Of Technology, Yaba Lagos

Adewale, S. T. — Yaba College Of Technology,yaba Lagos

This study involved the in vitro assessment of cell growth of prepared samples of high density polyethylene (HDPE) as prosthetic biocompatible materials. Samples of HDPE pellets were used to prepare materials for orthopaedic applications. Hydroxyapatite (HA) which is the main part of the collagen content of the human bone was prepared locally using cow bones and egg shells. These samples were collected, washed, dried, heat treated, grounded, deproteinized and heated again to prepare the HA samples. Ball milling and then compression molding processes were used to prepare four (4) different samples of the HDPE biocompatible composite materials at a temperature of 120oC. Sample 1 was 100% HDPE, sample 2 had 70% HDPE, 15% Alumina, 15% HA, 12.5cl Vitamin E, sample 3 was 70% HDPE, 30% Alumina, and sample 4 had 70% HDPE and 30% HA. In-vitro cells interactions with red and white blood cells were used to investigate colony forming units (CFU) of the samples for a period of sixty (60) days. The absorbance and turbidity were measured after the 40th, 50th and 60th days. The colony forming units (CFUs) were also determined. The CFUs after 40, 50 and 60 days showed that sample 2 had the highest cell growths with 1.76E8, 1.7E8 and 2.3E8 cells/mL, respectively. From the results obtained, the sample 2 offered the better properties in terms of cells proliferation when compared to the others as a prosthetic biocompatible material.

Keywords High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Hydroxyapatite Biocompatible Colony Forming Units (CFUs) Prosthetic

REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN POLYMER: SMART POLYMERS

Abdulrahman Salisu — Samaru College Of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University

Maigari Y. S. — Department Of Chemistry Federal University Of Kashere, Gombe, Nigeria

Polymers stand as unavoidable wide groups of materials used in our daily life with diversified areas of application which resulted to interdisciplinary researches, bridging and connecting different fields of study. Innovations in polymer synthesis, processing and improved technological production over the years has resulted into producing smart polymers which has led to significant impact on civilization. The need for smart materials is increasing on daily basis in diver’s fields and there are numerous researches. The research explore the concept of “smart polymers”, comprising a detailed and up-to-date approach over fundamental aspects such as synthesis and characterization techniques with emphasis on the evaluation of the responsive properties, combined with an overview of the state-of-the-art, recent developments, emerging technologies and areas of applications. The research provide a comprehensive understanding of their attributes, applications, and future implications for sustainable development. The research tends to bridge the gap between existing literature, reality and common practice in the field of smart polymer materials.

Keywords Polymers Innovations and Smart materials

Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Phytochemicals, Biological Activities, and Soap-Making Process Using the Pulp and Seed Oils of Avocados (Persea americana)

Ibrahim Oloruntele — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun Osun State Nigeria

Basheer Akanbi Jaji — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun Osun State Nigeria

Adeoye Sherif Oluwagbenga — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun Osun State Nigeria

Muhammad Murtala Ibrahim — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun Osun State Nigeria

Using green chemistry concepts to promote sustainability and local economic development, this study investigates the potential of avocado (Persea Americana) pulp and seed oils for the creation of environmentally friendly herbal antimicrobial soaps. Oils were extracted via Soxhlet apparatus, yielding 23.4% (seed) and 16.2% (pulp), and characterized for physicochemical properties. The soaps demonstrated pH values between 10.31 and 10.8, foam heights of 2.3–3.2 cm, and total fatty matter ranging from 68.4% to 89.1%, exceeding commercial standards (65.0%). Phytochemical screening revealed that tannins, saponins, and alkaloids contribute to antimicrobial efficacy. The AVSP soap (a blend of pulp and seed oils) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, including a 21 mm inhibition zone against Escherichia coli and inhibition of multiple microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis and Phijoptius stoloniter across all tested concentrations. These findings distinguish AVSP soap as a superior sustainable alternative, addressing environmental challenges posed by synthetic cosmetics and promoting agro-waste conversion into valuable commercial products. This research provides a practical approach for integrating natural resources into sustainable cosmetic formulations with potential global hygiene and environmental conservation applications.

Keywords Persea americana Physico-Chemical phytochemical antimicrobial activities seed oils

CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF SMART MATERIALS: A REVIEW

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Abdullahi, M — Department Of Physics With Electronics, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Ohimai Anthony — Department Of Microbiology, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.

Bada, Afolabi Olukayode — Department Of Urban And Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria

Ayemere Joyce Eghosa — Department Of Basic Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.

Smart materials are intelligent materials that possess the ability to sense, respond, and adapt to changes in their environment, enabling them to perform a wide range of novel functionalities. They can be categorized as active or passive. An active smart material is defined as materials which possess the capacity to modify their geometric or material properties under the application of electric, thermal or magnetic fields, thereby acquiring an inherent capacity to transduce energy. While passive smart materials lack the inherent capability to transduce energy. The concept of smart materials, has extended its presence in a variety of applications leading to the development of many new technologies. Serious attentions have also been given to smart materials due to their commercial applications in either actuator or sensor form. In addition, smart materials find applications in different areas, such as medical implantation, reducing waste, aerospace industry, construction sector, nano-engineered systems, biomedical devices, wearable electronics, automotive systems, robotics, and energy storage systems. By integrating various sensing and actuation mechanisms, smart materials can exhibit intelligent behavior, making them highly versatile and adaptable. Some commonly used smart materials are shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, electrochromic materials, thermochromic materials, and magnetostrictive materials. Shape memory alloys, possess the ability to recover their original shape upon exposure to heat, making them ideal for applications such as self-repairing structures and biomedical devices. Piezoelectric materials, however, can convert mechanical stress into electrical energy, finding applications in sensors, energy harvesting, and actuators. Electrochromic materials can change their color in response to an electrical stimulus, leading to applications in smart windows, displays, and eye wear.

Keywords Keywords: Smart Materials Actuators Magnetic fields Memory alloys Biomedical devices

Classification of Polymer Composite Based on Matrix and Filler Types: A Mini Review

Comfort Adeyanju — University Of Ilorin

Adeniyi A.g. — University Of Ilorin

Ajala M.a. — University Of Ilorin

The exceptional mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of polymer composite have made them adaptable materials with a broad range of structural and functional uses. The type of reinforcing fillers, especially fibers, and the matrix both have a significant impact on how well they work. This mini review classify composite based on matrix type and reinforcement types used in the production of polymer composite. The matrix type is further classified into polymer matrix,metal matrix and ceramic matrix while the rienforcements are classified as structural reinforcement, fibre reinforcement and particle reinforcemnet
Reinforcement and matrix fillers work together to customize mechanical and functional performance while addressing sustainability issues with bio-based substitutes. Thus, the behavior, characteristics, and possible uses of polymer composites can be systematically understood by classifying them according to the kind of fiber and matrix fillers. This review gives an insight into the various classification of filler and matrix used in polymer composite.

Keywords Composite Matrix Filler type Fibre Reinforcements

Material Science Education in the Era of Innovation: Aligning Academic Curricula with Policy and Regulatory Demand

Abdullahi Muhammad Umar — Yusuf Maitma Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

N. S. Sadi — Department Of Biochemistry, Faculty Of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

M. M. Minna — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

A. I Faiza — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

As the world moves deeper into an era shaped by rapid innovation, sustainability challenges, and emerging technologies, the role of Material Science has never been more critical. From clean energy solutions to advanced healthcare materials, breakthroughs in this field are reshaping industries and improving lives. Yet, many academic programs still follow outdated models that do not fully reflect current policy priorities, industry needs, or regulatory standards.
This paper explores how we can better align Material Science education with the realities of today’s innovation-driven world. It looks at how policies and regulations often seen as separate from academia can actually be powerful tools to modernize curricula, inspire real-world relevance, and prepare students for the complex challenges ahead. Drawing insights from global case studies and expert interviews, the paper highlights both the gaps and the opportunities in how Material Science is currently taught.
We propose practical ways to bridge the divide between academic instruction and external expectations. These include integrating policy and regulatory case studies into coursework, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, and creating stronger partnerships between universities, industries, and government agencies. The goal is to shape an education system that not only teaches the science of materials but also equips students with the knowledge, adaptability, and ethical awareness to navigate regulatory environments and drive sustainable innovation.
In reimagining how Material Science is taught, this paper calls for a collaborative, forward-looking approach one that ensures education keeps pace with the world it aims to improve.

Keywords Material Science Education Innovation Academic

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS, CERAMICS AND POLYMER-CERAMICS COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION

Jedaiah Erhagbai Oshioke — University Of Benin

Ikhuoria, Esther U. — University Of Benin, Department Of Chemistry.

Ohimai John Onofeagen — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Department Of Ceramics Technology

Iliya Ezekiel — Auchi Polytechnic Auchi Department Of Ceramics

Abstract
This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of polymers, ceramics, and polymer–ceramic composites. Mechanical behavior was analyzed in terms of tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. Data were drawn from experimental studies and validated literature between 2020 and 2025. Results reveal that ceramics exhibit superior hardness and modulus, while polymers show higher ductility and impact resistance. The highest tensile strength (~350 MPa), polymers the lowest (~60 MPa) and composites an intermediate value (~180 MPa), Ceramics have the highest modulus (~180 GPa), polymers are very flexible (~2.5 GPa), and composites show an intermediate modulus (~40 GPa). Hardness ranges from polymer (~25 HV) to composite (~400 HV) to ceramic (~1200 HV) and Fracture toughness increases from ceramic (~2.0 MPa√m) to polymer (~3.5 MPa√m) to composite (~5.5 MPa√m). In summary the following can be said about these materials Ceramics: Highest tensile strength, stiffness, and hardness but brittle; Polymers: Low strength and stiffness, high flexibility and toughness and Polymer–Ceramic Composites: Balanced mechanical performance, combining the advantages of both materials. Conclusively, Polymer–ceramic composites demonstrate balanced mechanical performance suitable for multifunctional applications such as aerospace, biomedical, and automotive engineering.

Keywords Polymer Ceramics composite Hardness Tensile strength.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PORTABLE SPOT-WELDING MACHINE FOR APPLICATION IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Justin Dozie-nwachukuw — Kwara State University

Nurudeen Sabi Saidu — Mechanical Engineering Department, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State

Ikyegh Isha — General Service Department, Sheda Science And Technology Complex, Abuja, Fct.

Apel Henry — General Service Department, Sheda Science And Technology Complex, Abuja, Fct.

In the automobile and aircraft industries, there is the need to join thin metal sheets together using resistance spot welding. This involves using shaped copper electrodes to apply pressure and focus the welding current into a concentrated area. Traditional spotwelding machines are large, heavy, and require a lot of electricity. In this work, development of a portable machine was carried out. Materials that are lightweight, compact, and easy to transport was used. This is due to affordable and friendly user characteristics and can be used by inexperienced operators. This portable spotwelding machine can work at any angle and is designed for precision. The machine was fabricated with readily available items. It incorporates the use of a microwave transformer, 35 mm copper wire, two cooling fans (intake and exhaust), copper electrodes, circuit breaker, limit switch, 14G galvanized steel, and soft plywood as frame. The machine’s dimensions are 550 × 150 × 200 mm, and with a total weight of 10 kg, which makes it easy to move, and operate in tight workshop or working spaces. The weld quality was then tested under ASTM D1002 standards (lap shear strength) using the universal testing machine, in addition to the chisel tests. The results showed that multiple spot welds give higher strength than a single weld, it also shows that as time increases the heat makes the metal get closer to its localized temperature.

Keywords spot-welding automobile copper electrode microwave transformer light weight

Development and Characterization of Corncob-Borax Polyester Composites for Potential Flame Retardancy

Abigail Olayemi — Federal University Of Technology Akure

Isiaka Oluwole Oladele — Federal University Of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Abayomi Adetuyi — Federal University Of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

The increasing demand for sustainable and flame-retardant materials has driven research into bio-based and inorganic reinforcements for polymer composites. This study investigates the effect of corncob and borax reinforcements on the mechanical and flame-retardant properties of polyester composites. Composites were fabricated using the hand lay-up method with treated-corncob (3, 9, 15 wt.%) and borax (12, 15, 18 wt.%). Mechanical testing revealed that the composite containing 15 wt.% corncob and 18 wt.% borax achieved optimum properties such as hardness (75.75 HS), impact strength (0.925 J/mm²), and tensile and flexural modulus (1.18 GPa and 1.63 GPa), representing significant improvements over pure polyester due to the synergistic interaction between the fillers and the polyester matrix. The composite with 9 wt.% corncob and 18 wt.% borax exhibited optimum tensile and flexural strength of 27.19 MPa and 51.77 MPa, respectively, compared to pure polyester. Flame-retardant tests showed that composites reinforced with 18 wt.% borax and 15 wt.% corncob exhibited a significantly lower burning rate of 3 mm/min, demonstrating superior flame resistance. Morphological analysis via SEM revealed uniform filler dispersion, while FTIR confirmed effective interaction between the fillers and the polyester matrix. XRD analysis indicated an increased crystallinity index of treated corncob, enhancing the composite's mechanical performance. These results highlight the composite's potential for applications requiring improved mechanical properties and flame retardancy, such as automotive and construction materials. This work underscores the novelty of combining borax and corncob as sustainable reinforcements in polyester composites.

Keywords Sustainable materials Corncob Borax Flame Retardancy and Polyester.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTARISATION OF DATE SEED PARTICLE-FILLED WASTE POLYETHENE COMPOSITES

Halima Idris Umaru — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Ayuba Hussaini Obadariko — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Abubakar Garba — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Khadija Usman — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Synthetic polymer composites are non-biodegradable, requiring measures to moderate environmental damage, with recycling being the best solution. The study aimed to prepare and characterize date seed-filled waste polyethene composites. Composites were fabricated using waste polyethene and date seed particles at various filler loadings of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 wt% via the compression moulding method. The composites were characterized by tensile properties, flexural properties, impact strength, hardness, density, water absorption, and morphological study. The results indicated that the composites' tensile properties and flexural strength increased with the incorporation of date seed particles into the polyethene matrix, reaching maximum values of 13.196 MPa, 1.3 GPa, 5.806%, and 20.0 MPa at 10 wt% for tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break, and flexural strength, respectively. The flexural modulus, impact strength, hardness, and density of the composites increased with increased filler loading, reaching maximum values of 0.55 MPa, 0.4 J/mm, 43 HV, and 1.122 g/cm³ at corresponding filler loadings of 50, 40, 50, and 60 wt%, respectively. The results also show increased water absorption with increased filler loading due to the increased hydrophilic character of the composites. The tensile fracture micrographs reveal voids and few fractures in the 30 wt% sample, while the 60 wt% sample shows more voids and fracture surfaces, indicating poor wettability. This could be attributed to the decreased mechanical properties of the composites.

Keywords Date Seed Particles Composites Tensile properties Impact strength Hardness

Study of Inhibition Potential of Calotropis Procera Latex on Zinc in 1 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Ibrahim Abdulkarim — Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

A. M Abdulazeez — Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

A. Sumaila — Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

O. O. Demokun — Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

The potential of Calotropis procera Latex (CPL) as corrosion inhibitor of zinc in 1.0 M HCl was investigated using weight loss, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The latex was collected into clean and dried sample bottles after making incisions on the stem of matured Calotropis procera plant. The weight loss measurements were conducted under total immersion of zinc coupons using 150 cm3 capacity beakers each containing 100 cm3 corrodent solution immersed in a thermostatic water bath. The weight loss results show that corrosion of zinc in blank media increases with increase in time of immersion, concentration and temperature. CPL was found to be effective in 1.0 M HCl with maximum efficiency of 65.04% from 0.5% inhibitor concentration at 298 K. Adsorption of CPL on zinc obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The results of the isotherm, FT-IR spectra and the values obtained for ΔG0ads in this study revealed physisorption controlled mechanism for the adsorption of CPL on zinc surface. The SEM results also confirmed the protection of the zinc surface due to adsorption of CPL. These findings indicate that Calotropis procera Latex has the potential for use as cheap and eco-friendly inhibitor in the protection of zinc and galvanized iron in acidic environments.

Keywords Corrosion Zinc Hydrochloric Acid Inhibitor Calotropis Procera

BIOCHAR AS A LUBRICANT ADDITIVE: A MINI-REVIEW

Kabeer Muhammed — Federal Polytechnic Offa

Adeniyi Adewale George — University Of Ilorin

Adegun Isaac Kayode — University Of Ilorin

Muhammed Kabeer Olalekan — Federal Polytechnic Offa

The pursuit of sustainable and high-performance lubricant additives has gained significant momentum driven by environmental regulations and the phasing out of traditional, often toxic, compounds. Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced through the pyrolysis of biomass, has recently emerged as a promising eco-friendly candidate. This mini-review provides a comprehensive examination of the nascent field of biochar as a lubricant additive. It discusses the fundamental properties of biochar that make it suitable for tribological applications, including its tunable surface chemistry, high mechanical strength, and graphitic structure. The synthesis parameters influencing its efficacy, such as pyrolysis temperature and feedstock type, are detailed. The mechanisms by which biochar reduces friction and wear, primarily through the formation of a protective tribo-film and a ball-bearing effect, are elucidated. Furthermore, the review highlights the current state of research, showcasing significant enhancements in lubricant performance regarding friction reduction, wear resistance, and load-carrying capacity. Finally, the existing challenges, such as dispersion stability and a lack of long-term testing, are addressed, and future research directions are proposed to facilitate the commercialization of biochar-based lubricant additives for a greener industrial future.

Keywords Biochar Lubricant Additive Friction Pyrolysis

Characterization and Kinetics Studies of a Nigerian Spodumene Ore for Lithium Liberation via Hydrochloric acid leaching

Aishat Yetunde Abdiulkareem — National Mathematical Centre/ University Of Ilorin

Prof. Alafara A. Baba — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin-kwara State

The liberation of lithium from spodumene minerals has received great attention due to the increasing global demand for this highly reactive and strategically important metal, which is widely used in energy storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries. Thus, this study adopted an innovative and energy-efficient approach that eliminates the conventional high-temperature decrepitation step (typically between 1000–1200 °C) required for lithium extraction from spodumene. Instead, mechanical activation followed by direct acidic leaching was employed as the core process. Key operational parameters including hydrochloric acid concentration (ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mol/L), reaction temperature (between 40 and 85 °C), particle size distribution (~45 to 150 µm), and leaching duration (from 5 to 120 minutes) were systematically investigated. The promoting effect of mechanical activation on the transformation of spodumene’s crystallinity phase was analyzed using the Scherrer equation. Subsequently, the direct hydrochloric acid leaching process was successfully modeled using the shrinking core dissolution framework, which was predominantly governed by internal diffusion mechanisms, with an apparent activation energy of 18.1 kJ/mol.

Keywords Kinetics Spodumene Lithium Mechanical Activation Hydrochloric acid

Chemical Analysis and Materials Characterization: A Comprehensive Review of Extraction Techniques for Analytical Accuracy

Ahmed Momoh Hassan — Auchi Polyechnic Auchi

Aperua-yusuf Kelimat Iyamah. 3.adeniyi Olumide 4. Adesunloye Adewale Kingsley — Auchi Polyechnic, Auchi

AbstractSample preparation is the most important step in chemical analysis, significantly influencing the accuracy, sensitivity, reproducibility and reliability of analytical results. Among various preparative steps, Extraction methods play a fundamental role in chemical analysis and material characterization, serving as critical steps for isolating target analytes from complex matrices prior to qualitative detection and quantitative evaluation. With increasing analytical demands across diverse sectors and diverse material systems, including polymers, plastics, ceramics, metals e.t.c, there is an increasing need to evaluate and optimize extraction methods not only for efficiency and selectivity but also for sustainable, miniaturized, greener and automated extractions including their environmental impact and applicability to different sample types. This review provides insights into method selection criteria and critically examines conventional and modern trends in extraction techniques including, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with emphasis on their principles, advantages, limitations, and real-world applications, offering a comprehensive perspective on how sample preparation and extraction continues to evolve in alignment with the ever changing dynamics associated with chemical analysis and materials characterization.

Keywords Keywords: Extraction techniques Sample preparation Materials Characterization Review Chemical analysis Analytical Accuracy.

EVALUATION AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTAR BLENDED WITH FLAMBOYANT SEED POD ASH USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Tasiu Ashiru Sulaiman — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Ashiru Mohammed — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Yusuf Yau — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Ibrahim Iliyasu — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Yusuf Mansur Hashim — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Isah Garba — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

The rising prices of cement and its environmental effects present notable challenges, leading researchers to explore alternative materials made from the substantial amounts of agricultural waste as a cement replacement. This study investigates the use of agricultural waste ash (specifically, ash from flamboyant seed pods) to partially substitute cement in the production of sustainable and environmentally friendly mortar. The influence of flamboyant seed pod ash (FSPA) on cement paste was assessed with substitutions of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight of the cement. The compressive strength and water absorption characteristics of mortar with varying FSPA proportions (from 0 to 25%) were evaluated. The findings reveal that the addition of FSPA increased the normal consistency, setting times, and soundness of the FSPA-cement paste. However, the compressive strength of the FSPA-mortar increases with extended curing but decreases with higher FSPA content. Additionally, an increase in FSPA proportion led to a rise in water absorption. In contrast, the model developed using Design Expert 13 Software showed a substantial R² value of 0.9375 for compressive strength. The difference between the projected R² and the actual R² values was less than 5 %, suggesting a strong relationship between the predicted results and actual outcomes across the ideal mixing configurations. The best combination of 0 % FSPA combined with a 56-day curing period achieved the maximum compressive strength of 17.1855 MPa. It was concluded that the developed model effectively predicts the compressive strength of the mortar.

Keywords Cement Compressive Strength Mortar Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Water Absorption.

EVALUATION OF UNILORIN DAM MOULDING SAND PROPERTIES FOR FOUNDRY APPLICATIONS

Yusuf Shuaib-babata — University Of Ilorin Ilorin Nigeria

Ajao Kabiru Suleiman — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Busari Yusuf Olanrewaju — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Aruna Kehinde Olajuwon — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Coker Henrietta Oluwatoyin — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin

Substantial knowledge on the behaviour of moulding sands is very paramount to a functioning foundry especially in the area of quality cast production. Evaluation of moulding sands properties in Nigeria is key in determining their usefulness for foundry practices. Inadequate information on available natural moulding sands in Nigeria resulted to poor casting quality and underdevelopment of Nigerian foundry industry. In this research, the properties of Unilorin dam natural moulding sand were evaluated to determine its suitability for sand casting. The chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the sand sample were examined using America Foundrymen’s Society (AFS) standards. The result of the chemical analysis showed that the sand contained SiO₂ and, Al₂O₃ of 58.621% and 14.074% respectively, with smaller proportions of other elements such as NaO₂ and K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃, MgO and TiO₂. The moulding sand belong to Alumino- silicate group of sand. The physico-mechanical properties of the sand were clay content (4.98%), moisture content (0.68%), grain fineness number (63.91), green compressive strength (87.29 KN/m²), dry compressive strength (234.02 KN/m²), specific gravity (2.56), shatter Index (73.03%), bulk density (2306.46 kg/m3), permeability (0.005330 cm/sec) and refractoriness (above 510°C). most of these results were within the AFS standard recommendation values for non-ferrous metal casting. Hence, Unilorin dam natural moulding sand was found suitable as mould sand for various types of casting of metals like light grey iron, aluminum, bronze, brass. Effective utilization of this sand for foundry applications will help to boost the economy of the Nation and subsequently aid in reducing the problem of unemployment.

Keywords Foundry Casting Unilorin dam sand Chemical Analysis Physico-mechanical properties

Facile Aqueous Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Thioglycolic Acid Capped Ternary Metal Chalcogenide Quantum Dots

Deborah Josiah — University Of Ilorin

Adedibu Clement Tella — University Of Ilorin

In this study, we report a simple, low-cost aqueous-phase synthesis of ternary quantum dots (QDs) based on CuInSe₂, AgInSe₂, and AgInS₂ using thioglycolic acid (TGA) as a stabilizing and surface-passivating agent. The CuInSe₂ and AgInSe₂ QDs were synthesized via a hot injection method, while AgInS₂ was obtained through a controlled refluxing approach. The synthesized nanocrystals were characterized using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). UV-Vis results revealed strong absorption in the ultraviolet region, suggesting the formation of nanoscale semiconductors with size-dependent optical behavior. PL spectra recorded under 350 nm excitation exhibited distinct emission profiles, indicating successful quantum confinement and the influence of composition on the emission wavelength. FTIR analysis confirmed the successful capping of the QDs by TGA, with characteristic thiol and carboxylate peaks shifting or disappearing upon coordination to the QD surface evidence of strong surface interaction and stabilization. The absence of free TGA peaks in the QD spectrum further affirmed ligand binding. This work demonstrates a green, aqueous-based, and scalable route for synthesizing luminescent ternary quantum dots with potential applications in bioimaging, optoelectronics, and environmental sensing.

Keywords Quantum Dots Thioglycolic Acid Semiconductors Spectroscopy and Synthesis

High Performance Polyurethane Foam from Novel and Renewable Shea Butter Polyols Blend- Production and Characteristics

Theresa Uchechukwu — Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike

Uchechukwu, A. K — Ogbonnaya Onu Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria

Nwigwe, M. N — Federal University Of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria

Harry, T. F — Mobil Producing Unlimited, Nigeria

A block of flexible polyurethane foam was produced by one-shot reaction involving shea butter polyols blend obtained by transformation of the unsaturated fatty acids constituents of Grade A shea butter, a commercial petrochemical polyol and toluene-di-isocyanate in the presence of catalysts, blowing agents and other additives. The toluene-di-isocyanate consisted of 80% of the 2,4-isomer and 20% of the 2,6-isomer. In addition to cream time, rise time and gel time, the foams were characterized by density, water and oil absorption along with the mechanical properties of tensile, flexural and compressive strengths, hardness and elongation at break according to standard methods and protocols. 0.08 g/cm3, 106 kPa, 3.03 ± 0.62 Mpa, 170 kPa, 17 and 73 % were determined as the density, tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, shore Hardness and elongation at break of the new shea butter polyols blend flexible polyurethane foam. Although the results obtained showed that the new product were characteristically inferior to a flexible polyurethane foam produced from a petrochemical polyol, the product quality suggests that it can be useful in applications requiring less of the qualities of a customary flexible polyurethane foam. The success of the experiment projects shea butter blends of polyols as a useful, safe and sustainable raw material for the production of polyurethane foams. It therefore highlights the potential of the renewable and environmentally friendly oleo chemical to partially substitute for expensive, non-renewable and non-conservational petrochemical polyols derived from depleting crude oil sources in the production of polyurethanes and a variety of industrial and consumer goods.

Keywords Shea butter polyols blend polyurethane foam commercial polyol environmentally friendly and characterization

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM MAIZE STOVER

Sadisu Girigisu — The Federal Polytechnic Offa

Aborode Taofeek Oyeniyi — Federal Polytechnic Offa

ABSTRACT
The need to reduce the amount of plastic dumped around that contains carbon footprints, which are non-degradable and in most cases lead to disruption of the ecosystem, cannot be overemphasized. Bio-plastics, on the other hand, are environmentally–friendly and biodegradable. They can be produced from agricultural waste containing a large amount of cellulose rather than using animal feed-stock, hence providing an effective way to replace conventional plastics. Thus, this study was conducted to produce bio-plastics from Maize stover in combination with other additives, such as glycerol and acetic acid. The produced bio-plastic was characterized using TGA, TEM, and FTIR. The TEM analysis reveals hexagonal facets indicating preserved crystalline domains from native cellulose, enhancing mechanical strength in composites. This confirms successful nanoscaling of maize stover into stable, crystalline nanoparticles, advancing sustainable material design for bio-plastic production. The TGA analysis reveals several peaks, with the prominent peak of the curve for cellulose ranging between 300 and 400℃, suggesting a high thermal stability for the sample.

Keywords Bio-plastic Maize stover Biodegradable Characterization

Sustainable Production of Activated Carbon from Biomass and Plastic Waste for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: A Mini-Review

Abdulafeez Orilonise — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, School Of Industrial Engineering, The Federal Polytechnic, Offa P.m.b 420, Nigeria

Kajogbola Rasaq Ajao — Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering And Technology, University Of Ilorin, Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Nigeria

Adewale George Adeniyi — Department Of Chemical Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering And Technology, University Of Ilorin, Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Nigeria

The increasing global energy demand, coupled with the environmental repercussions of fossil fuels, has intensified the need for renewable energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal for storing this intermittent energy related to renewable energy systems, but their reliance on mined graphite for anodes presents ecological challenges. This review explores a sustainable alternative: the production of activated carbon (AC) from biomass and plastic waste for LIB anodes. It covers the fundamentals of biomass carbonisation, the synergistic advantages of co-carbonising biomass with plastic waste, and various activation methods to enhance electrochemical properties. The review also discusses challenges related to electrode fabrication, including binder selection and the critical need for mechanical and thermal stability assessments. From some selected literature, this article identifies key research gaps; notably the lack of systematic optimisation and stability studies for co-pyrolyzed materials and proposes future directions for developing eco-friendly, high-performance energy storage solutions within a circular economy framework.

Keywords Activated Carbon Lithium-Ion Battery Plastic Waste Energy Storage Electrochemical Performance

SUSTAINABLE UTILISATION OF PROCESSED WASTE PLASTIC AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT MORTAR

Ashiru Mohammed — Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Tasiu Ashiru Sulaiman — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Nura Aliyu Shehu Yaro — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Yusuf Yau — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Muhammad Kabir Junaidu — Department Of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

The sustainable management of plastic waste remains a major challenge in the environment we live in; one promising solution is its use to replace certain components in a cement-based material. This study investigates the utilization of processed waste low-density polyethylene (R-LDPE) as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in cement mortar. Experimental tests conducted included: compressive strength, water absorption, and density. The samples were prepared at varying percentage replacement of; 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% R-LDPE. The results revealed that the control mix exceeded the compressive strength requirements base on BS EN 196-1 (2005) while cement mortars with 5% R-LDPE also satisfied the 28-day minimum strength requirement of 10 N/mm², which indicates acceptable performance. However, higher replacement levels (≥10%) were observed to have a significant drop in strength due to poor bonding of LDPE with the cement. Water absorption increased progressively with plastic content, with only the control mix and the 5% replacement meeting the durability requirement in accordance with BS EN 1015-18 (2002). Density results exhibited a linear trend, decreasing with increase in percentage replacement of R-LDPE due to its light weight nature. Overall, the findings indicate that up to 5% R-LDPE replacement can be effectively utilized in cement mortar without compromising essential strength and durability requirements, providing a sustainable approach to plastic waste recycling in construction.

Keywords Cement-Mortar low-density polyethylene (LDPE) Strength and Durability.

The economic BENEFITS FROM NIGERIA MINERALS THROUGH ACCURATE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING

Egbo Gregory Chuka — Sedi-enugu

THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM NIGERIA MINERALS THROUGH ACCURATE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING. ENGR. EGBO GREGORY CHUKA. Materials, Equipment Testing Laboratory unit. Scientific Equipment Development INSTITUTE SEDI-ENUGU (NASENI)NIGERIA. E-MAIL: gregoryegbo6@mail.com ABSTRACT: Almost all minerals ores and fuel minerals mined in Nigeria are exported as-mined. The iron ore copper ore, Lea -zinc ore, silver ore, Nickel ore Manganese ore, dimensions block, coal and petroleum to mention but few. The lost due to this problem is huge and cannot be quantified in all the its aspects, financial, employment availability of raw materials etc
This article investigated the pattern of exploration and marketing of Nigeria MINERALS with a view to determining whether their economic benefits to the nation are maximized.
It shows that maximum benefits would be derived from the minerals processed before export or local sales.
The lead -zinc ore which is presently been sold as-mined is used as a specific example of the needs to determine the actual mineral composition of an ore before sales.
The incomes derivable from the mineral when sold as-mined and when processed are compared using flow sheets designed for processing the ore.
The results show that about fifty billion naira(#50 billion) is lost annually due to the uncovered copper mineral by products alone. It is also discovered from this work that the lead-zinc ore alone is capable of generating about six hundred billion (#600 billion) annually if maximally exploited. Among important recommendations made is that detailed explorations of the lead-zinc or be carried out and the sale of the ore and others as-mined be discouraged by building plants/machine to process them and also encourage our engineers, technologists, and scientist to be employed into the system.

Keywords Maximum benefits EXPORTATION ORES Employment opportunities mineral composition and annually lost

A review of the synergy between Artificial Intelligence and Smart Materials in Electronic

Isah Sunday — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi.

Abdullahi M — 2department Of Physics With Electronics, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi.

Ayemere J. E. — 3department Of Basic Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Ohimai A — Department Of Microbiology, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Bada, A. O. — Department Of Urban And Regional Planning, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Abstract
The rapid advancement of technology in the 21st century has brought about significant innovations in the field of electronics, with artificial intelligence (AI) and smart materials emerging as two of the most transformative concepts. AI has enhanced electronic systems by enabling automation, adaptive learning, intelligent decision-making, and fault detection, thereby improving efficiency and reliability. On the other hand, smart materials—such as piezoelectric materials, shape-memory alloys, and conductive polymers—have introduced unique properties like self-healing, responsiveness to external stimuli, and adaptability in modern electronic devices. Harnessing the synergy between AI and smart materials holds great potential in the design of next-generation electronics, ranging from smart sensors and robotics to wearable technologies and energy-efficient devices. However, challenges such as high costs, technical complexity, and sustainability concerns must be addressed to ensure effective integration. This paper therefore explores the concepts of AI and smart materials, their individual and combined applications in electronics, the challenges faced, and the future prospects they offer in shaping the future of advanced electronic systems.

Keywords Smart Materials Artificial Intelligence Electronics Conductive Polymers

AI FOR DESIGNING RECYCLABLE AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Afarasimu A. I. — Yusuf Maitma Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

Sani Iyal A. — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

As the world moves quickly toward renewable energy, one important topic that is often left out of the conversation is how long the materials used in these technologies will last. Solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and hydrogen fuel cells can make sustainable energy, but they often use materials that are bad for the environment, hart to recycle, or mined in ways that hurt the environment. This paper explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing that. Researchers can now identify and create materials that are not only high-performing but also recyclable and sustainable thanks to technologies like machine learning (ML) and deep learning. We look at how AI is currently being used in materials research, highlight real-world case studies, and discuss the challenges and ethical issues that come with this technology. Our major goal on this work, is to show how AI can help build a circular, sustainable future for energy materials.

Keywords : Renewable energy Hydrogen Machine Learning (ML) Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Artificial Intelligence and Computational Modelling in Explosives Research: A Review of Predictive Analytics and Material Optimization for National Defence Applications

Aminu Sanusi Haruna — National Defence College Nigeria

Anayo Cyprian Unoneme — National Defence College Nigeria

Bassey Esuh Etuk — National Defence College Nigeria

Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and computational modeling are fundamentally transforming the field of explosives research and materials engineering. This comprehensive review delves into the latest trends, challenges, and opportunities associated with the integration of AI-assisted simulations for the characterization, performance prediction, and safety assessment of energetic materials. By synthesizing insights from over twenty years of peer-reviewed studies and defense laboratory reports, the paper highlights significant progress in methodologies such as molecular dynamics (MD), density functional theory (DFT), and neural-network-driven detonation modeling. The findings underscore the remarkable capabilities of AI algorithms, especially deep learning and ensemble techniques, in accurately predicting detonation velocity, sensitivity, and stability indices for nanostructured explosives. Notably, the review also assesses advancements in microstructural optimization through the use of nano-engineered additives, revealing how hybrid nanocomposites have enhanced thermal stability and allowed for controlled energy release. Despite these achievements, the field faces considerable challenges, including the scarcity of high-quality datasets, limited computational infrastructure in developing nations, and significant gaps in experimental validation protocols. To surmount these obstacles, the study calls for a coordinated national research framework that leverages AI-driven analytics alongside sustainable nanomaterial innovation. This approach is vital for improving predictive accuracy, minimizing risks, and advancing the development of intelligent explosive systems that are crucial for national defense applications.

Keywords Artificial Intelligence Energetic Materials Computational Modelling Nanotechnology Defence Applications

Evaluation of the Performance of Five distribution functions for Estimating Weibull Parameters for Wind Energy Potential in South-West and South-South, Nigeria

Teliat Rasheed Olusanjo — Federal Polytechnic Ayede

This study examines five numerical methods, Weibull-two (W), Mixture Weibull (MW), Gamma (G), lognormal (LN) and normal (N), which were used to analyse wind speed data from four different stations measured at 10 m height in order to determine the best method for estimating Weibull parameters for each station and the region. The numerical methods were compared and their accuracies were determined by three goodness-of-fit (GOF) tests namely Maximum error of Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S), root mean square error (RMSE) and Chi square(χ^2). The performances of the methods were ranked on a scale of 1–5 and the results revealed that the Maximum Weibull was ranked the best in all stations by two of the goodness-of-fit (GOFs) tests. It was closely followed by lognormal. The Weibull and Gamma methods performed poorly. Thus the Maximum Weibull is selected as the best method for determining Weibull parameters accurately and hence wind energy potential for the region.

Keywords Goodness-of-fit Wind energy potential Renewable energy Weibull parameters Probability density functions

MACHINE LEARNING ENABLED OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR LONG CYCLE ENERGY STORAGE

Zainab Shehu Ahmad — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education Kano

A. M. Umar — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

Afarasimu A. I — Yusuf Maitama Sule Federal University Of Education, Kano

Battery technology must progress, especially in the area of electrode material optimization, to meet the increasing need for sustainable and effective energy storage solutions. With an emphasis on their function in long-cycle energy storage systems, this study investigates the use of machine learning (ML) approaches to improve the longevity and performance of battery electrode materials. We created predictive models to determine the ideal compositions and structures of electrode materials that optimize energy density, cycle life, and efficiency by utilizing extensive datasets of material attributes, electrochemical performance parameters, and operating conditions. Rapid screening of possible candidates has been made possible by the combination of machine learning algorithms with high-throughput trials, greatly cutting down on the time and expense involved with conventional trial-and-error methods. Additionally, we talk about how different material properties like conductivity, porosity, and morphology affect the overall performance of batteries. Our findings show that machine learning-enabled optimization enhances the intrinsic qualities of battery electrode materials and prolongs their lifespan, which helps create more dependable and environmentally friendly energy storage options. This study highlights how machine learning in materials science has the potential to revolutionize the field and how it could affect energy technologies in the future.

Keywords Battery Technology Machine Learning (ML) Algorithm.

SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE: A REVIEW OF BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

Sodiq Opeyemi Arowolo — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo.

Rasheed O. Teliat — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo

Abdullah S. Ibrahim — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo

Oluwadara A. Oyelowo — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo

Matthew O. Aworinde — Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo

The global transition to renewable energy is essential for a low carbon, sustainable future, with solar energy standing out due to its abundance and environmental benefits. However, its intermittency demands effective energy storage solutions. This study reviews solar energy storage systems, focusing on battery technologies and practical applications. It begins with the principles of solar storage, benefits of integration, and types of storage systems including electrochemical, thermal, and mechanical systems, highlighting their role in energy reliability and efficiency. A core section of the research delves into major battery technologies used in solar storage; lead-acid, lithium-ion, flow, and sodium-ion batteries, by evaluating their performance, efficiency, design standards, recyclability, cost-effectiveness, and applicability in different use-cases. A detailed comparison of battery technologies is presented with respect to lifespan, energy density, environmental sustainability, and economic feasibility. Beyond technical aspects, the study connects solar storage with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It supports clean energy access (SDG 7), promotes energy innovation (SDG 9), strengthens energy system resilience (SDG 11), and aids in emissions reduction (SDG 13). Finally, this study addresses challenges such as cost barriers, raw material constraints, policy gaps, and proposes future directions including AI-enhanced energy management, second-life battery use, and green manufacturing.

Keywords Solar Energy Solar Technology Battery Technology Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

AI-ENABLED LIGHTWEIGHT INTRUSION DETECTION FOR SMART WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A RESOURCE-EFFICIENT DEEP LEARNING APPROACH

Salisu Zubairu Gaya — Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

Aliyu Danjuma Usman — Ahmadu Bello University

Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro — Ahmadu Bello University Zaria

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) constitute critical smart infrastructure for sustainable development, enabling applications from precision agriculture to smart city monitoring. However, their deployment faces significant security challenges compounded by severe resource constraints—limited energy, bandwidth, and computational capacity. Existing intrusion detection systems (IDS) prioritize detection accuracy while neglecting resource efficiency, rendering them impractical for battery-powered sensor nodes. Additionally, supervised learning approaches limit detection to known attack signatures, failing against zero-day exploits. This research addresses these critical limitations by developing a Lightweight Intelligent Intrusion Detection System (LIIDS) using unsupervised deep autoencoders optimized for resource-constrained environments. The bottleneck architecture achieves exceptional 86.89% data compression (approximately 7.6× reduction), directly translating to proportional bandwidth and energy savings. Despite aggressive compression, the system maintains superior detection performance: 99.76% accuracy on NSL-KDD and 98.52% on UNSW-NB15 datasets, with false alarm rates reduced by 78% compared to existing methods (1.27% vs. 5.82%). The unsupervised learning paradigm enables detection of both known and zero-day attacks without labeled training data. These results demonstrate that comprehensive WSN security can be achieved without excessive resource consumption, enabling practical deployment in Nigeria's emerging smart infrastructure for sustainable economic growth.

Keywords Wireless Sensor Networks Deep Autoencoders Unsupervised Learning AI-Enabled Solutions Smart Infrastructure

Driving Economic Sustainability with Advanced Polymer Materials and Artificial Intelligence Solutions

Austine Amoke — Physics Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco), P.m.b. 186 Garki, Abuja, Fct, Nigeria.

Ifeanyi Emmanuel Kalu — Physics Advanced Research Centre, Sheda Science And Technology Complex (shestco), P.m.b. 186 Garki, Abuja, Fct, Nigeria, Department Of Civil Engineering, Faculty Of Engineering, Built Environment And It, Walter Sisulu University, Po Box 1421 East London,

Ibeneme Uche — Department Of Polymer Technology, Nigerian Institute Of Leather And Science Technology, Zaria

Achieving economic sustainability has become a global imperative, requiring a balance between growth, environmental protection, and social responsibility. The integration of advanced polymer materials and artificial intelligence (AI) holds significant potential to foster economic sustainability across industries. Advanced polymer materials offer unique properties that can enhance performance, reduce waste, and promote recyclability, while, AI optimizes processes, predicts market trends, and enables data-driven decision-making. By harnessing these technologies, companies can create sustainable products, streamline operations, and minimize environmental impact. This study investigates the synergies and challenges of integrating advanced polymer materials with AI-driven technologies, focusing on applications in construction, automotive, and packaging industries. Key benefits from this integration include enhanced productivity, reduced costs, and improved eco-friendliness. AI plays a crucial role in materials science facilitating the discovery of new polymers and optimization of material properties and performance. The findings underscore the essential role of advanced polymer materials and AI in fostering a sustainable and economically viable future by driving innovation, reducing environmental footprint, and achieving long-term economic prosperity. Ultimately, these technologies have the potential to transform industries and global economies, offering valuable insights for future research and development in advanced polymer materials and AI.

Keywords Economic Sustainability Advanced Polymer Materials Artificial Intelligence Innovation Eco-friendliness

Emerging Trends in Robotic Technology and their impact

Faosat Adegbola — Federal Polytechnic Ayede

Robotic technology involves the design, construction, and operation of robots—programmable machines that can perform tasks, often autonomously, to supplement human labor or handle complex, dangerous jobs. It is a multidisciplinary field merging mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering with the goal of creating intelligent machines for applications ranging from manufacturing and healthcare to space exploration and home automation. ssRobotic technology is experiencing unprecedented growth, transforming industries and reshaping the global workforce in profound ways. This paper explores emerging trends such as collaborative robots (cobots), artificial intelligence (AI) integration, robotic process automation (RPA), autonomous mobility systems, and medical robotics. These technological advancements are redefining job roles by automating repetitive tasks, enhancing operational efficiency, and creating demand for new technical and analytical skill sets. While the adoption of robots contributes to higher productivity and precision, it also raises significant concerns about job displacement, worker retraining, and widening socio-economic inequalities. This study critically analyzes the evolving landscape of robotic technology, evaluates its impact on employment structures and workforce dynamics, and discusses sustainable strategies for mitigating potential negative consequences while maximizing the long-term benefits of automation and intelligent systems.

Keywords Robotic Technology Artificial Intelligence Robotic Process Automation (RPA) Autonomous Mobility Automation

Harnessing Artificial Intelligence and Smart Materials in Mineral Processing for Sustainable Economic Growth: A Case Study of Edo State Nigeria.

Omolayo Joseph Omohagbo — Federal Polytechnic Ado - Ekiti

Fagbemi Titilope D. — Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and smart materials into mineral processing offers transformative opportunities for sustainable industrial growth. This study explores their potential applications in Edo State, Nigeria, which is endowed with silica, kaolin, feldspar, and clay minerals critical for glass and ceramic production. AI applications such as predictive modeling, process optimization, and defect detection enhance beneficiation efficiency, reduce energy use, and improve product quality. At the same time, smart materials such as solar glass, advanced ceramics, and energy-efficient tiles extend the industrial reach of mineral resources into renewable energy, agriculture, and construction. Findings indicate that AI-driven mineral processing can lower costs, minimize waste, and enable circular economy practices, while smart materials foster economic diversification and technological innovation. Harnessing these innovations in Edo State would reduce Nigeria’s reliance on imports, strengthen local value chains, and promote sustainable economic growth in Nigeria, using auchi Edo state as a case study

Keywords Artificial intelligence

Application of Hydrated Silica–Coir Nanoparticles in Remediating Waste Cooking Oil-Contaminated Soil for Maize Cultivation

Joshua Onaifo — Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma

Ikhuoria Esther Uwidia — University Of Benin

Otabor G Osatohamwen — Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma

Ifijen I. Hilary — Rubber Research Institute Of Nigeria

The disposal of waste cooking oil has seriously compromised soil quality, environmental sustainability and agricultural productivity. Remediating oil-contaminated soil requires unique innovation and ecological methods. In order to improve agricultural productivity, this study investigated the application of hydrated silica-coir nanoparticles (SCNPs) in remediating oil-contaminated soil for maize cultivation. Three hydrated silica-coir nanoparticles were synthesized in the ratios 3:7, 1:1, and 7:3 using a bottom-up method. Three maize seeds were sown in five nursery bags labeled as follows; positive control (plain soil), negative control (oil-contaminated soil) and the three SCNPs-treated oil-contaminated soil with composite ratios 1:1, 3:7 and 7:3. The SCNPs and oil-contaminated soil was mixed in 1:20. The result shows that nanoparticles enhanced soil quality and maize growth in treated oil-polluted soil. However, nanoparticle effectiveness varied with composite ratio, 7:3 ratio has a promising effect in long-term soil remediation, 1:1 ratio is suitable in early remediation and soil acidity restricted the productivity of 3:7 ratio. To improve soil regeneration and long-term plant health, future research should concentrate on correcting nutrient imbalances, refining water management, and optimizing nanoparticle compositions.

Keywords Nanoparticles remediation contaminated soil maize bottom-up approach

Electrochemical Detection of Cobalt and Lead ions Using Plastic Chip Electrode and Gold Electrode

Haleemat Adegoke — University Of Ilorin

Emmanuel Nathaniel Agada — University Of Ilorin, Ilorin-nigeria

Heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) ions are common water contaminants that pose serious threats to both environmental and human health. This study focuses on the electrochemical detection and removal of Pb (II) and Co (II) ions using a fabricated plastic chip electrode (PCE) and a conventional gold electrode. A graphite–Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) composite was used to fabricate the PCE, with chloroform acting as the dispersion medium and PMMA as a binding agent. These electrodes were tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) to evaluate their detection and removal performance. AAS was used to confirm the effectiveness of PCE for Co (II) ion removal after electrochemical deposition. The PCE showed high sensitivity, low detection limits and reproducibility when compared with the gold electrode. The limit of detection (LOD) of the PCE was found to be 0.454 ppm for Pb (II) ion and 0.858 ppm for Co (II) ion. Simultaneous detection of Pb (II) and Co (II) ions revealed peak currents of 294.6 µA for Co (II) ions and 170.6 µA for Pb (II) ions for PCE. These peaks are about ten times higher than those obtained for the bare gold electrode, which were 27.5 µA and 12.6 µA for Co (II) and Pb (II) ions, respectively. The AAS result revealed the removal of Co (II) ion from an initial amount of 8.6415 mg/L to 7.7065 mg/L.
These findings demonstrate the potential of the PCE as a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly alternative for heavy metal detection and removal in wastewater.

Keywords Electrochemical detection Plastic chip electrode (PCE) Lead (Pb) and Cobalt (Co) ions Cyclic voltammetry / DPV / DPASV

EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS IN RAW WATER FROM AJIWA DAM, BATAGARAWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KATSINA, NIGERIA

Abdulhamid Mohammed — Federal University Of Health Sciences Ila-orangun

Isah Yusuf Shinkafi — Department Of Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria

Abubakar Mustapha Gafai — Department Of Chemistry, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina State Nigeria.

Abdulhamid Mohammed — Department Of Physical And Chemical Sciences, Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun, Osun State, Nigeria

Water quality is determined by its physicochemical and biological properties. Fluctuations in these parameters, along with the presence of both essential and non-essential trace metals, can render water unfit for human consumption. This study aimed to evaluate some physicochemical parameters and analyzed selected heavy metals in raw water from Ajiwa Dam, Batagarawa Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Several physicochemical indicators such as pH, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, and turbidity using standard analytical procedures. The results were then compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits. The measured values obtained were: pH (8.14), turbidity (18.9 NTU), conductivity (70 µS/cm), hardness (60 mg/L), TDS (56 mg/L), and TSS (130 mg/L). All these parameters surpassed the WHO recommended thresholds. The concentrations of heavy metals including Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) were determined through wet digestion followed by analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The average concentrations recorded were: Cu (0.120 mg/L), Cr (0.282 mg/L), Pb (0.189 mg/L), Co (0.087 mg/L), and Ni (0.084 mg/L) all exceeding WHO guidelines. Consequently, the water quality was deemed unsuitable for human consumption without adequate treatment. It is essential to raise awareness among local communities about the health risks associated with untreated water and to implement effective treatment strategies to reduce turbidity, TSS, and heavy metal contaminations.

Keywords Physicochemical parameters Heavy Metals AAS WHO

FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGNETITE-CELLULOSE ACETATE BIOPOLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES FOR THE ADSORPTIVE REMEDIATION OF BENZENE, TOLUENE, AND XYLENE FROM PETROCHEMICAL WASTEWATER

Wasiu Jamiu — Kwara State Polytechnic, Ilorin

Jaji, Bashir Akanbi — 2department Of Physical And Chemical Sciences, Federal University Of Health Sciences, Ila-orangun, Osun State, Nigeria

The contamination of water resources by petrochemical effluents containing benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) poses significant environmental and health risks. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of a magnetite/cellulose acetate (MAG-CA) nanocomposite for the efficient remediation of BTX compounds from petrochemical wastewater. The nanocomposite was synthesized via a co-precipitation method, followed by characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transform Electron Microscopy (TEM). Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal efficiency of BTX under varying conditions, including pH, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature. The optimal removal occurred at an initial concentration of 40-60 mg/L, a pH range of 7-9, and a temperature of 25°C. The adsorption kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating a chemisorption-controlled process. Equilibrium isotherm data were most accurately fitted by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models, suggesting a complex mechanism involving both monolayer and multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, as evidenced by negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and positive enthalpy (ΔH) values.
Furthermore, response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box-Behnken design was successfully employed to model and optimize the process parameters, confirming the significant interactive effects of the variables on adsorption efficiency. The results conclusively establish that the incorporation of magnetite into a cellulose acetate biopolymer matrix creates a highly effective, sustainable nanocomposite adsorbent, with MAG-CA presenting a promising, eco-friendly solution for the treatment of BTX-contaminated industrial wastewater.

Keywords Magnetite-cellulose acetate nanocomposite BTX removal adsorption petrochemical effluent

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY METHOD IN AND AROUND NAGAZI-UVETE, ADAVI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Oritseseyigbemi Gregory Edema — Federal Polytechnic, Auchi

Itopa, E. A — National Open University Of Nigeria, Ogori Study Center, Ogori, Kogi State

Adibeli, O. J. — Department Of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Orogun, Delta State

Obayehagweme, E. O. — Department Of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Orogun, Delta State

Owolabi, P. O. — Department Of General Studies, Edo State College Of Health Science Nd Technology, Benin-city.

A geophysical survey involving ten (10) vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in and around Nagazi-Uvete, Adavi Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria in order to delineate areas of groundwater prospect. The Schlumberger and Wenner depth sounding are used to investigate the variation of resistivity with depth. The sounding data obtained were presented as sounding curves, which are plot of apparent resistivity values against electrode separation (AB/2) and (AB/3) on bi-log graph. The interpretation of VES curves was done in two steps; the first step is manual curve matching. This involves segment-by-segment matching of the sounding curves with the theoretical curves with the aids of auxiliary curves which yielded geo-electric parameters. The second involved the use of computer software known as RESIST version 1.0 to refine the geo-electric parameters obtained from the manual partial curve matching exercise while Surfer 8 software was used in generating the geo-electric section. The result from the study area as obtained from the sounding curves, tables and geo-electric section indicated only H type curve. The predominance of the H type curve is understandable being a basement complex environment of three geo-electric layers. The top soil is characterized by resistivity values varying between 41 and 258 Ohm-m, with thickness value varying between 0.2m and 1.3m. it is essentially made of sand clay. The second layer has resistivity value varying from 3 to 20 Ohm-m, with thickness values varying from 2.1m to 10.7m which constitute the weathered layer and the third layer is the fractured/fresh basement/bedrock characterized by resistivity values of 77 Ohm-m to 1728 Ohm-m. VES 1-6 are viable for groundwater exploitation while the remaining VES points are suitable for engineering construction works. It is equally suggested that other geophysical techniques should be integrated with one used in this work to provide the best result.

Keywords Geophysical Survey Vertical Electrical Sounding Resistivity Groundwater Electrode

Preparation and Characterization of Bentonite-Zinc Nanocomposites for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewater

Muhammad Kabir Yahaya — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara Kogi State, Nigeria

Muhammad Kabir Yahaya — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Abdulmumuni Sumaila — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Monday Abdulrahman Abdulazeez — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Abdulkareem Ibrahim — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

U. R. Awodi — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Ahmed Onimisi Sumaila — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

Yusuf Ruqayya Oluwakemisola — Department Of Chemistry, Confluence University Of Science And Technology Osara, Kogi State

The growing global emphasis on sustainable technologies has driven a surge of interest in the development of eco-friendly and economically viable nanomaterials. In particular, the need for green synthesis routes those that minimize the use of toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes has become increasingly important in the production of functional nanocomposites. Simultaneously, the rising levels of water pollution caused by industrial effluents laden with heavy metals have intensified the demand for efficient, affordable, and sustainable wastewater treatment materials. In response to these challenges, the present study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of bentonite-based zinc nanocomposites for the remediation of industrial wastewater. The nanocomposites were fabricated via a simple and environmentally benign chemical precipitation technique, which facilitated the uniform integration of zinc nanoparticles onto the surface of natural bentonite clay. This modification was aimed at enhancing the adsorption efficiency of the clay by improving its surface reactivity and porosity. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using advanced analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The results confirmed the successful incorporation of zinc nanoparticles within the bentonite matrix and demonstrated notable enhancements in surface area, pore volume, and the presence of functional groups favorable for heavy metal adsorption. Thus, the study highlights that bentonite-based zinc nanocomposites represent a cost-effective, sustainable, and highly efficient adsorbent material with strong potential for large-scale application in the purification of industrial wastewater. These findings underscore the significance of integrating green nanotechnology with natural clay minerals to address pressing environmental pollution issues.

Keywords Bentonite Zinc Nanocomposites Industrial Wastewater Adsorption Nanotechnology.

Production of polymer sorbent for oil spills clean up using discarded polyethylene

Nworie Cyril Emeka — Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi

Nworie Cyril Emeka — Department Of Chemical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi Edo Nigeria

Ekabafe Olu Lawrence — Department Of Chemistry, University Of Lagos, Akoka Campus, Lagos Nigeria

Mahmud Hauwau — Department Of Chemical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi Edo Nigeria

Umar Ahmed Gana — Department Of Chemical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi Edo Nigeria

Atulute Oluwasegun Oluwagbenga — Department Of Chemical Engineering, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi Edo Nigeria

This research introduces an innovative and sustainable approach to managing polyethylene water sachet (PEW) waste by upcycling it into a high-performance polymer absorbent through modification with cellulose acetate (CA). The resulting PEW-CA composite not only addresses the growing challenge of plastic waste pollution but also serves as an effective solution for environmental remediation, including oil spill cleanup and wastewater treatment. Through advanced characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), water contact angle measurements, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis revealed significant improvement in the material’s properties. The PEW-CA composite exhibited a highly porous structure, enhanced hydrophilicity (with the water contact angle reduced from 87.24° to 69.52°), the introduction of new functional groups, improved thermal stability, and a remarkable seven-fold increase in surface area (from 0.5417 m²/g to 4.0931 m²/g). These enhancements significantly boosted the material’s adsorption capacity, making it highly effective for pollutant removal. This cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach transforms discarded plastic waste into a valuable tool for environmental cleanup, aligning with the principles of a circular economy and promoting sustainable waste management practices.

Keywords Sorbent Polyethylene Waste Oil Spills Cleanup

REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING LOCALLY ACTIVATED CARBON.

Udeokpote Gloria Chika — University Of Nigeria Nsukka

Chime T. O. — Enugu State University Of Science And Technology, Enugu.

In this research, periwinkle and snail shells activated carbon were used to remove lead and iron from aqueous solution. They were chemically activated with sulphuric acid and characterized for various physio chemical properties. The structural characteristics of activated carbon produced were determined through FTIR spectrum and SEM images. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, pH and initial concentration of metals. The optimum adsorption was gotten at contact time of 80 mins, solution pH of 6 and adsorbent dose of 2.0g. The adsorption mechanism was analysed with kinetic models, equilibrium isotherm models and thermodynamic parameters. The two adaorbents fits first - order and pseudo- second order well with a correlation coefficient ( R²) of 1 and 0.999. The Langmuir isotherm provided a good fit than the other isotherms. The values of ∆H° and ∆G° are - 449Kjmol and - 951Kjmol respectively. This implies feasible, spontaneous and exothermic adsorption process, while the positive values of ∆S° 165J/mol/k for the adsorbents indicate an increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during adsorption. The results of this studies showed that the two adsorbents ( periwinkle and snail shells) are effective and available for removal of Pb and Fe from aqueous solution and waste water.

Keywords Heavy metals periwinkle shells snail shell activated carbon adsorption.

Sorption of Bisphenol A from aqueous solution using Cu–Ni nanohybrids biosynthesized from Cassia siamea

Emmanuel Ayoade — University Of Ilorin, Kwara State

Ibrahim Sulyman Abdullah — School Of Science And Technology, Federal Polytechnic Ayede, Ayede, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Aminat Aderonke Mohammed — Department Of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty Of Physical Sciences, University Of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Ameerah Ayobami Raji — Department Of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty Of Physical Sciences, University Of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used industrial chemical that poses significant environmental and health risks due to its persistence and endocrine-disrupting properties. This study presents a green route synthesis of copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) nanohybrids using Cassia siamea leaf extract for the removal of BPA from aqueous solutions. The phytochemicals in Cassia siamea served as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, enabling eco-friendly synthesis of Cu-Ni nanohybrids. The characterization of the Cu-Ni nanohybrids via FTIR, SEM, XRD, and EDX confirmed their structural properties, which aided the adsorption process. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess the influence of BPA concentration, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The optimal removal was achieved using 0.04 g dosage of 60 ppm BPA concentration with pH 6 – 7 for 4 h at 60 °C. Adsorption isotherm modeling revealed that the Langmuir model best described the process, indicating monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. The adsorption results confirmed strong binding between BPA molecules and the nanohybrid surface layer. The results obtained from this study revealed that Cu-Ni nanohybrid is a promising, sustainable, and cost-effective biomaterial for the removal of organic pollutants from the environment.

Keywords Bisphenol A Cassia siamea organic pollutants nanohybrids adsorption

Advances in Solid-State Technologies

Analysis of Overvoltage Protection of a Typical Distribution Power Substation: A Case Study of Ile-Oluji Distribution Substations

Design and Construction of IoT Control Power Monitoring System

Luminescent Detection of Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) using a Copper Coordination Complex constructed from 8-hydroxyquinoline

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (rGO)/MANGANESE OXIDE(MnO2) NANOCOMPOSITES AS ELECTRODES FOR SUPERCAPACITOR APPLICATION

Agricultural and Biomedical Materials

ASSESSMENT OF BIOPOLYMERIC HYDROGELS FOR SUSTAINED CONTROLLED DELIVERY OF MEROPENEM

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Aerial Part Extracts from Jaundea pinnata

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ROASTING AND OVEN-DRYING ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS OF DATE-SEED

COMPARATIVE PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF NON-CARBONISED AND CARBONISED AFRICAN GIANT SNAIL SHELL

Computational Discovery and Optimization of Antioxidant Therapeutics: Modulating the Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway for Oxidative Stress Management

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCOMPOSITE ENCAPSULATED WITH RIFAMPICIN FOR TREATMENT OF OSTEOMYELITIS.

Development of Laminated Particle Board from Corn Cob Ash (CCA) as a Pathway for Agro-Waste Management

Effect of gamma irradiation on the decay of Xanthosoma sagittifolium cultivated in Nigeria

FORMULATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF BROILER CHICKEN FEED FORMULATED WITH FERMENTED SOYA BEAN AND CASSAVA PEELS AS CHEAP ALTERNATIVE FEED SOURCE

Harnessing Tropical Plant Phytochemistry for the Sustainable Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgONPs) with Enhanced Thermal Stability

IMPACT OF LAND USE PATTERN ON IRESA-APA ARABLE FARM

Impacts of the Women-In-Agriculture (WIA) Extension Activities on the Income Levels of Women Farmers in Niger State, Nigeria.

Inhibitory Effect of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) Pulp on Alpha Amylase for Antidiabetic Drug Discovery

Investigation of Panicum maximum - derived Compost and Brown Liquid as Materials for Soil Remediation.

Mineralogical and Thermo-chemical Analysis of Local Raw Materials and the Suitability in Dental Ceramic Prosthesis: XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD and DTA/DSC Insights

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIDIABETIC STUDIES OF CRUDE ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF THE STEM AND BARK OF Piliostigma thonningii.

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Morinda lucida

Phytochemical Profiling, Antioxidant potential, and Antimicrobial Activities of Heeria pulcherrima Leaves

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT INVESTIGATION OF THE PEAR PLANT (Dacryodes edulis)

Proximate Analysis and Phytochemical Screening of Salvia rosamarinus (Rose Mary) and Nigella sativa (Black Seed)

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE FROM CASHEW NUTS SHELLS

Computational Materials Research

Computational Design and Evaluation of Hydantoin Derivatives as Potential Anti-Tubercular Agents: Insights from ADMET, Molecular Docking, DFT, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Development and Evaluation of Castor Seeds’ Oil Based Metal Cutting Fluid using Design of Experiment via Taguchi Technique

Development and Evaluation of Neem Seeds’ Oil Based Metal Cutting Fluid using Design of Experiment via Taguchi Technique.

Effect of Used Engine Oil on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics as a Processing Aid.

Optimal Control Analysis of the Transmission Dynamics of Lassa Virus in Prevalent Communities in Nigeria: The case study of Ondo State.

Thermodynamic and Kinetics Study of Corrosion Inhibition of Aluminium in HCl Medium using Syzygium Guineense Wall Methanolic Leaves Extract as Inhibitor

Environmental Management, Safety, and Optimization

Assessment of Certain Chemical Constituents in Selected Energy Drinks in the Ilorin Metropolis

Digital Transformation in Estate Management: Leveraging Technology for Efficient Property Administration

EVALUATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF PAINT EFFLUENT ON CLARIAS GARIEPINUS

IMPACTS OF VEHICULAR EMISSIONS AND ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION ON PROCESSED CASSAVA SAMPLES SUN DRIED ALONG ABUJA-LOKOJA ROADSIDE, NIGERIA

INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF BLENDED PARKIA BIGLOBOSA AND DELONIX REGIA EXTRACTS ON CORROSION OF AISI 1007 STEEL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID MEDIUM

Measurement of Radioactivity in Soil Samples Taken from Mining Site in Ijero Ekiti, Southwest, Nigeria

Phosphate-Based Dehalogenation and Vitrification Strategies for Nuclear Waste Management

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER MELON SEEDS

Preparation and Characterization of Biodegradable Sugar Cane Bagasse-Polyester Matrix Composites

Synthesis and characterization of gold oxide –tin hydroxide-phthalocyanine [AuO-Sn(OH)2Pc] composites for enhanced antimicrobial applications

Innovations in Polymer and Mineral Processing

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon as Functional Fillers for Polymer Composites: Influence of Activation Method and Pyrolysis Conditions on Structural and Adsorptive Properties

Compositional Analysis of Coconut Copra Meal Cake and Conventional Reinforcing Fillers for Polymer Reinforcement Applications

In Vitro Assessment of Cell Proliferation of Prepared Samples of High Density Polyethylene as Prosthetic Biocompatible Materials

REVIEW OF INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN POLYMER: SMART POLYMERS

Intelligent Manufacturing and Materials

Assessment of the Physico-Chemical Characteristics, Phytochemicals, Biological Activities, and Soap-Making Process Using the Pulp and Seed Oils of Avocados (Persea americana)

CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF SMART MATERIALS: A REVIEW

Material Science Education; Policy, and Regulation in the 21st century

Classification of Polymer Composite Based on Matrix and Filler Types: A Mini Review

Material Science Education in the Era of Innovation: Aligning Academic Curricula with Policy and Regulatory Demand

Materials in Construction and Transport Industry

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS, CERAMICS AND POLYMER-CERAMICS COMPOSITES FOR CONSTRUCTION

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF A PORTABLE SPOT-WELDING MACHINE FOR APPLICATION IN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Development and Characterization of Corncob-Borax Polyester Composites for Potential Flame Retardancy

PREPARATION AND CHARACTARISATION OF DATE SEED PARTICLE-FILLED WASTE POLYETHENE COMPOSITES

Study of Inhibition Potential of Calotropis Procera Latex on Zinc in 1 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution

Raw Materials Exploration and Materials Design

BIOCHAR AS A LUBRICANT ADDITIVE: A MINI-REVIEW

Characterization and Kinetics Studies of a Nigerian Spodumene Ore for Lithium Liberation via Hydrochloric acid leaching

Chemical Analysis and Materials Characterization: A Comprehensive Review of Extraction Techniques for Analytical Accuracy

EVALUATION AND PREDICTIVE MODELING OF THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF MORTAR BLENDED WITH FLAMBOYANT SEED POD ASH USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

EVALUATION OF UNILORIN DAM MOULDING SAND PROPERTIES FOR FOUNDRY APPLICATIONS

Facile Aqueous Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Thioglycolic Acid Capped Ternary Metal Chalcogenide Quantum Dots

High Performance Polyurethane Foam from Novel and Renewable Shea Butter Polyols Blend- Production and Characteristics

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC FROM MAIZE STOVER

Sustainable Production of Activated Carbon from Biomass and Plastic Waste for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes: A Mini-Review

SUSTAINABLE UTILISATION OF PROCESSED WASTE PLASTIC AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CEMENT MORTAR

The economic BENEFITS FROM NIGERIA MINERALS THROUGH ACCURATE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING

Renewable Energy Materials Driven by AI Technologies

A review of the synergy between Artificial Intelligence and Smart Materials in Electronic

AI FOR DESIGNING RECYCLABLE AND SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY APPLICATIONS

Artificial Intelligence and Computational Modelling in Explosives Research: A Review of Predictive Analytics and Material Optimization for National Defence Applications

Evaluation of the Performance of Five distribution functions for Estimating Weibull Parameters for Wind Energy Potential in South-West and South-South, Nigeria

MACHINE LEARNING ENABLED OPTIMIZATION OF BATTERY ELECTRODE MATERIALS FOR LONG CYCLE ENERGY STORAGE